tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56588365048577635822024-03-21T22:11:07.856+05:30CHEMISTRY ADDACBSE,NCERT Solution, Chemistry,Class 8th,9th 10th,10+2,Notes,Practice Paper,Solved Paper,J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.comBlogger252125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-18577202579944796032023-09-28T21:36:00.000+05:302023-09-28T21:36:17.346+05:30X Science Guess Paper Carbon and its compounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: white; font-family: inherit;">Guess Paper Class – X Subject - Science Carbon and its compounds</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Section A – one mark each</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1..Alcohols
can be produced by the hydration of.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Write the name of C60 molecule.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. The property of carbon to form a long chain in compounds
is called ……………</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4 Which of the following compounds have triple
bond C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>,
C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5.<span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span>The general
formula CnH2n for cyclo alkanes is the same as that of ………….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Write structure formula of 2- methyl propane.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. The IUPAC name of acetylene is …………………</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">8. Name the functional groups present in the following
compounds</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">CH</span><sub style="font-family: inherit;">3</sub><span style="font-family: inherit;">COOH, CH</span><sub style="font-family: inherit;">3</sub><span style="font-family: inherit;">COCH</span><sub style="font-family: inherit;">2</sub><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH</span><sub style="font-family: inherit;">3 </sub><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">9.<span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span>------and ------are molecular
formula of ethanol and propane.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">10.<span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span>The IUPAC name of CH<span style="line-height: 115%;">3</span>CHO is ---------------</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Section B
– 2 marks each</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">11. Write the
chemical equation of the reaction which takes place during burning of ethanol
in air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">12. The
molecular formula present in ester C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>.
Write the molecular formula of the alcohol and the acid from which it might be
prepared.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">13. A mixture
of ethyne and oxygen is used for welding. Can you justify why a mixture of
ethyne and air is not-used?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">14. Write the
reaction which is used as a test for ethanol and dehydration of ethanol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">15. What is
reaction with ethanoic acid with ethanol?</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> Section
C – 3 marks each </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">16.Write any
three physical and chemical properties of ethanoic acid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">17. Write any
three tests of carboxylic acids.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">18. How many
structural isomers are possible for pentane? Draw the structural formulae of
all the possible isomers of pentane.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">19. What are
enzymes? Name the enzymes required for the fermentation of sugar cane to
ethanol?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">20. The
formula of an ester is C3H7COOC2H5 write the formulae of the acid and alcohol
from which the ester is prepared. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/10th-science-term-ii.html">Chapter wise
test paper and Guess</a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-57898495753579103522023-09-28T21:14:00.001+05:302023-09-28T21:14:17.537+05:30MCQs on Metallurgy class 10 chapter Metals and Non metals <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div>Here are multiple-choice questions (MCQs) related to metallurgy Class 10:<div><br></div><div>1. What is the primary purpose of metallurgy?</div><div> a) To study the properties of metals</div><div> b) To extract and process metals from ores</div><div> c) To create alloys from pure metals</div><div> d) To manufacture metal products</div><div><br></div><div>2. Which of the following is NOT a step in metallurgy?</div><div> a) Ore extraction</div><div> b) Refining</div><div> c) Alloying</div><div> d) Fermentation</div><div><br></div><div>3. What is the first step in the extraction of metals from ores?</div><div> a) Concentration</div><div> b) Roasting</div><div> c) Smelting</div><div> d) Crushing and grinding</div><div><br></div><div>4. Which of the following is a common reducing agent used in smelting?</div><div> a) Oxygen</div><div> b) Carbon dioxide</div><div> c) Carbon (coke)</div><div> d) Hydrogen</div><div><br></div><div>5. What is the purpose of roasting in metallurgy?</div><div> a) To remove volatile impurities</div><div> b) To alloy metals</div><div> c) To purify the metal</div><div> d) To shape the metal</div><div><br></div><div>6. Which process is used to remove impurities from a metal after smelting?</div><div> a) Casting</div><div> b) Forging</div><div> c) Refining</div><div> d) Quenching</div><div><br></div><div>7. What is the result of combining iron with carbon in metallurgy?</div><div> a) Aluminum</div><div> b) Copper</div><div> c) Steel</div><div> d) Gold</div><div><br></div><div>8. Which step in metallurgy involves subjecting the metal to high temperatures to modify its properties?</div><div> a) Refining</div><div> b) Heat treatment</div><div> c) Concentration</div><div> d) Alloying</div><div><br></div><div>9. What is the purpose of quality control in metallurgy?</div><div> a) To extract metals from ores</div><div> b) To refine metals</div><div> c) To ensure the final product meets standards</div><div> d) To create alloys</div><div><br></div><div>10. In metallurgy, what is the final step after shaping and forming the metal?</div><div> a) Refining</div><div> b) Heat treatment</div><div> c) Application</div><div> d) Roasting</div><div><br></div><div>Answers:</div><div>1. b) To extract and process metals from ores</div><div>2. d) Fermentation</div><div>3. d) Crushing and grinding</div><div>4. c) Carbon (coke)</div><div>5. a) To remove volatile impurities</div><div>6. c) Refining</div><div>7. c) Steel</div><div>8. b) Heat treatment</div><div>9. c) To ensure the final product meets standards</div><div>10. c) Application</div><div><br></div><div>Here are some additional multiple-choice questions (MCQs) related to metallurgy:</div><div><br></div><div>11. Which natural resources are the primary source of metallic ores in metallurgy?</div><div> a) Fossil fuels</div><div> b) Water bodies</div><div> c) Earth's crust</div><div> d) Atmosphere</div><div><br></div><div>12. What is the process called when metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides?</div><div> a) Reduction</div><div> b) Oxidation</div><div> c) Refining</div><div> d) Alloying</div><div><br></div><div>13. What is the term for the ability of metals to be drawn into wires?</div><div> a) Malleability</div><div> b) Ductility</div><div> c) Conductivity</div><div> d) Sonorousness</div><div><br></div><div>14. Which of the following is NOT a common non-ferrous metal?</div><div> a) Copper</div><div> b) Iron</div><div> c) Aluminum</div><div> d) Lead</div><div><br></div><div>15. What type of alloy is created when two or more metals are mixed together?</div><div> a) Homogeneous alloy</div><div> b) Composite alloy</div><div> c) Heterogeneous alloy</div><div> d) Impure alloy</div><div><br></div><div>16. Which metal is commonly used for electrical wiring due to its excellent conductivity?</div><div> a) Aluminum</div><div> b) Copper</div><div> c) Iron</div><div> d) Zinc</div><div><br></div><div>17. What is the process called when metals are heated and slowly cooled to relieve internal stresses and increase toughness?</div><div> a) Casting</div><div> b) Annealing</div><div> c) Forging</div><div> d) Smelting</div><div><br></div><div>18. Which property of metals makes them suitable for applications in musical instruments?</div><div> a) Conductivity</div><div> b) Sonorousness</div><div> c) Ductility</div><div> d) Malleability</div><div><br></div><div>19. Which metal is commonly used in aircraft construction due to its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties?</div><div> a) Iron</div><div> b) Lead</div><div> c) Aluminum</div><div> d) Gold</div><div><br></div><div>20. In metallurgy, what is the term for the process of removing impurities by using a chemical reaction with a flux?</div><div> a) Smelting</div><div> b) Refining</div><div> c) Quenching</div><div> d) Alloying</div><div><br></div><div>Answers:</div><div>11. c) Earth's crust</div><div>12. b) Oxidation</div><div>13. b) Ductility</div><div>14. b) Iron</div><div>15. c) Heterogeneous alloy</div><div>16. b) Copper</div><div>17. b) Annealing</div><div>18. b) Sonorousness</div><div>19. c) Aluminum</div><div>20. b) Refining</div>J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-85566949490325054612019-12-05T19:41:00.002+05:302023-09-28T21:14:42.811+05:30METALS AND NON METALS Notes for class 8<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</div>Class 08 CHAPTER -4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MATERIALS : METALS AND NON METALS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1) Occurrence of metals and non metals :-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Out of the 92 naturally occuringelements 70 are metals and about 22 are nonmetals. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Some elements show properties of both metals and non metals. They are called metalloids.<br></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Only some metals like gold, silver, platinum etc are found in the free state. Most metals are found in the combined states as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, silicates etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Some non metals are found in the free state like helium, neon, argon etc. and some are found in free and combined states like sulphur, phosphorus etc. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2) Metallurgy :-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metallurgy:-is science of extraction of metals from their ores and their purification.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Minerals:-are naturally occuringsubstances containing one or more elements or their compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Ore:-is a mineral from which one or more metals can be extracted profitably.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metallurgical processes:-consists of three main steps. They are :-i) Concentration of the ore ii) Reduction iii) Refining <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Concentration of the ore:-is the removal of impurities from the ore.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Reduction:-the process of obtaining the metal from its compound.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Refining:-is the process of purification of the impure metals to obtain the pure metal.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3) Physical properties of metals and non metals:-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">•Metals</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals are solids (except mercury).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals are hard (except sodium, potassium etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals have metallic lustre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals have high melting points and bolilingpoints.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals are malleable ( can be made into thin sheets).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals are ductile (can be made into thin wires).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Metals are sonorus(produces sound).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">•Non metals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals which are solids are brittle (diamond is the hardest).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals do not have lustresome have a dull luster. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals have low melting points.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals are not malleable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals are not ductile.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•Non metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">•</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Non metals are not sonorous</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4) Chemical properties of metals and non metals:-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a) Reaction with oxygen:-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides. These oxides are <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>basic oxides because they react with water to form bases. Eg. Magnesium burns in air to form magnesium oxide. Magnesium <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2 Mg + O2--</span><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2 MgO</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MgO+ H2O-</span><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mg(OH)2</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Non metals react with oxygen to form non metallic oxides. These <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oxides are acidic oxides because they react with water to form <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>acids.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eg. Sulphurburns in air to form sulphurdioxide. Sulphurdioxide <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reacts with water to form <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sulphurousacid.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S + O2-></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SO2 </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SO2+ H2O---></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"> H2SO3</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b) Reaction with water:-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eg. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hydrogen.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2 Na + 2 H2O--> 2 Na OH + H2</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Magnesium reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mg + H2O ---> Mg(OH)2+ H2</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Non metals do not react with water.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c) REACTION WITH ACIDS:-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Metals react with acids to form metallic salts and hydrogen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eg. Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and hydrogen. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zn + 2 HCl -----> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ZnCl2+ H2 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Most non metals do not react with acids. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Some non metals like sulphur reacts with concentrated nitric acid to forn sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and water. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S + 4HNO3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>------> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">SO2+ 4 NO2+2 H2O</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d) Metals replace metals:-</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A more reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal from its salt <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>solution.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eg. Magnesium replaces copper from copper sulphate solution to form magnesium sulphate and copper.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mg + CuSO4---></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> MgSO4+ Cu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zinc replaces copper from copper sulphate solution to for zinc sulphate and copper.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zn + CuSO4-----> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ZnSO4 + Cu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Iron replaces copper from copper sulphate solution to form iron sulphate and copper</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fe + CuSO4-----> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">FeSO4+ Cu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Based on the reactivity of metals, they can be arranged in the decreasing order of their activity.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">5) Activity series of metals :-</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The arranging of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity is called activity series of metals.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In decreasindg order <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Potassium</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sodium</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Magnesium</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aluminium Decreasing</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Zinc order of </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Iron reactivity</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lead</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Copper</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Silver </span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gold</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">6) Noble metals :-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metals like gold, silver, platinum etc. retain their lustre because they do not react with air, water or acids. So they are called noble metals.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gold dissolves in aqua regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid in the ratio 1:3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Pure is 24 carat gold</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">. It is very soft and cannot be used for making ornaments. So it is mixed with some silver or copper to make it hard.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">7) Uses of metals :-</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Iron :-is used for making pins, nails, nuts, bolts, tools, </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">machines, construction of buildings, bridges etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aluminium :-is used for making utensils, wires, furniture, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>parts of aircrafts, vehicles, machines, for packing food and medicines etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Copper :-is used for making wires, vessels, electric <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gadgets etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gold :-is used for making jewellery, coins medals etc</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Silver :-is used for making jewellery. Coins, medals etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Platinum :-is used for making jewellery, electric gadgets, plugs in vehicles etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sodium :-compounds are used as common salt, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>chemicals etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Calcium :-compounds are used for making cement, glass etc.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8) Uses of non metals</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sulphur:-is used for making sulphuric acid, salts of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metals etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Oxygen:-is used for respiration by living things, burning <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of fuels etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nitrogen:-is used for making ammonia which is used for <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>making fertilizers.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hydrogen:-is used for making ammonia which is used for making fertilizers, as fuel in rockets, for welding etc.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chlorine:-is used to kill germs in water.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Iodine:-is used as tincture iodine which is an antiseptic<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">10) Corrosion:-</span></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">The surface of some metals gets corroded when exposed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to moist air for a long time. This is called corrosion.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><br></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Prevention of corrosion of metals:-</b></span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><b><br></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The corrosion of metals can be prevented by:-</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i) Applying oil or grease.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ii) Applying paint</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">iii) Galvanisation ( coating of metals with non corrosive metals like zinc)</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">iv) Electroplating ( coating of metals with non corrosive metals like chromium tin by passing </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">electricity)</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">v) Alloying ( Eg. When iron is alloyed with chromium and nickel, it forms stainless steel which is resistant to corrosion)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></div>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-60030930133093018682019-12-05T19:32:00.001+05:302019-12-05T19:32:43.309+05:30X CBSE Study Accelerator E-Notes for Chapter Periodic Classification Of Elements<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Classification of elements: the arrangement of elements in such a manner that elements with similar properties are grouped together while elements with dissimilar properties are separated. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">EARLY ATTEMPTS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1. </b>Lavoisier’s classification of elements: In 1789, Lavoisier first attempted to classify the elements into two divisions namely Metals and Non-metals. However this classification was not satisfactory as there were many exceptions in each category.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Dobereiner’s classification of elements: In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner grouped three elements into what he termed <span style="color: red;">triads</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In each case, the middle element has an atomic mass almost equal to the average atomic masses of the other two elements in the triad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">For example, elements like lithium, sodium and potassium have atomic masses 7, 23 and 39 respectively. They are grouped together into a triad as,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Li (7) Na (23) K (39)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Here the atomic mass of sodium is the average of atomic masses of lithium and potassium.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">Limitation of Dobereiner’s law</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Only three triads were identified from the element known at that time. Hence, this classification was not useful.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: orange;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: inherit;">Newland’s law of octaves:</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1863, John Newland suggested another classification of elements . He arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic masses starting with hydrogen (least atomic mass) and ended with thorium having atomic mass 56. According to him, the properties of every eighth element are similar to the first element. It was compared to music notations Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Da, Ni, Sa, and thus the name Newland‘s law of octaves (note of music). He then arranged the 49 elements known at that time into seven groups of seven each. Newland referred to his arrangement as the Law of octaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: red;">The Law of octaves:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: orange;"> If elements be arranged in ascending order of their atomic masses then every eighth element was a kind of repetition of the first one either succeeding or</span><span style="background-color: orange;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: orange;">preceding it like eighth note in octave of music.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-family: inherit;">Periodicity : Periodicity is the recurrence of similar physical and chemical properties of elements when arranged in a particular order.</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">For example, <span style="color: red;">Sodium</span> is similar to <span style="color: red;">Lithium</span>. Similarly <span style="color: red;">Magnesium</span> is similar to <span style="color: red;">Beryllium</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Limitations:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. It was applicable only for lighter elements having atomic mass up to 40 amu, i.e.upto calcium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. He believed that only 56 elements existed in nature but later on more elements were discovered whose properties did not fit into Newland’s law of octaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Some elements having different properties were grouped together like cobalt and nickel have been placed with halogens. Due to above limitations, Newlands law of octaves was rejected.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Lothar Meyer’s classification of elements:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1864, Lothar Meyer plotted atomic weight against atomic volume of various elements. He found that elements with similar properties and valency fell under one another. However, this also could not give the better understanding.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Mendeleev’s periodic table:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Mendeleev (1834-1907), a Russian chemist arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic masses, similarity in physical and chemical properties of elements. Properties of hydrides and oxides of different elements were studied and elements with similar properties were grouped together<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">He classified the elements in table Consisted of vertical columns called groups and horizontal rows called periods. There were 7 groups in table and group is subdivided into subgroups A and B except group 7 which has three sets of elements in 4th, 5th and 6th period.<b><span style="color: #002060;"> (“R” is used to represent any of the elements in a group)</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Mendeleev‘s periodic table is mainly based on two facts-</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: inherit;">(i)Atomic mass </span></b><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: inherit;">(ii)Similarity of chemical properties</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;">Mendeleev’s periodic law : </span></b><b><span style="color: #002060;">“The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic masses”.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Characteristics of Mendeleev’s Periodic table:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Mendeleev felt that similar properties occurred after periods (horizontal rows) of varying length.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Mendeleev made an eight-column table of elements.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. He had to leave some blank spaces in order to group all the elements with similar properties in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">the same column.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Mendeleev suggested that there must be other elements that had not been discovered.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. He predicted the properties and atomic masses of several elements that were known at that time. Later on, when these elements were discovered their properties remarkably agreed with the predicted one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">For example, He left a gap below silicon in group IV A, and called the yet undiscovered<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">element as ‘Eka silicon’. Discovery of ‘Germanium’ during his life time proved him correct.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Similarly Scandium for ‘eka-boron’ and Gallium for ‘eka-aluminium’ vacancies were later discovered during his life time.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. Eight out of ten vacant spaces left by Mendeleev were filled by the discovery of new elements.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">8. Incorrect atomic masses of some arranged elements were corrected. For example, atomic mass of Beryllium as corrected from 13 to 9.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Limitations of Mendeleev, periodic table:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Few elements having a higher atomic mass were placed before elements having a lower atomic mass. Example: Argon (39.9) was placed before Potassium (39.1) Cobalt (58.9) was placed before Nickel (58.6) Tellurium (127.9) was placed before Iodine (126.9) <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. No separate position has been given to isotopes of an element.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Position of hydrogen in the periodic table was not certain about keeping it with either in group IA or in group VII A.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Chemically dissimilar elements were placed in the same group. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: white;"><u>The difficulty in the Mendeleev’s periodic table is overcome by introduction </u><span class="Apple-style-span">of</span> Modern periodic table.</span></span> It is also known as <span style="color: red;">Long form of periodic table</span>. In this table, properties of elements are dependent on their electronic configurations (distributions). Hence, modern periodic law is defined as <span style="color: red;">the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Modern periodic table:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1913 Moseley found that frequency of X-ray emitted by different elements is directly proportional to atomic number. These studies show that properties of elements depend upon atomic number but not atomic mass. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">So atomic number is the basis of classification of element. Moseley gave modern periodic law which stated as </span><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: white;">“The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic number”</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In this table, elements have been arranged in order of increasing atomic number. <b><span style="color: red;">This table also consists of vertical rows called groups and horizontal rows called periods which are discussed as</span></b>: <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) There are 18 groups designated as 1 to 18. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">(ii)All the elements in a group have same no. of electrons in outermost shell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii)The elements of each group have similar chemical properties due to same valence electrons . (iv)There are in all seven periods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">(v)First three periods with 2,8,8 element called short periods. The next three periods with 18,18,32 element called long period while seventh period is an incomplete period. (vi)The number of elements in these periods are based on filling of electron into various shell on the formula 2n<sup>2</sup> (n-number of shell)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> For Ex:-K-shell (n=1)-(2.1)2=2 so first period has two elements <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">L-shell (n=2)-(2.2)2=8. So 2nd period has eight elements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">M-shell (n=3)-(2.3)2=18, but the outer most shell can have only 8-electron so third period also has eight elements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Advantages of long form of periodic table:- <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. The position of the elements are linked with their electronic configuration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Position of isotopes of an element is justified since they have same atomic number. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Similar properties of element in a group is also justified due to same valence electrons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Each group is an independent group and idea of sub-group discarded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Groups:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Elements in group 1 are called alkali metals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Elements in group 2 are called alkaline earth metals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Elements in group 17 are called halogens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Elements in group 18 elements are called inert gases or noble gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;">Significance of group</span></b> in the periodic table is that an element in a group has same no. of valence electrons, valence and thus identical chemical properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Periods :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1st period – 2 elements and is called very short period.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2nd period – 8 elements and is called short period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3rd period - 8 elements and is called short period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4th period – 18 elements and is called long period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5th period – 18 elements and is called long period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6th period – 32 elements and is called very long period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">7th period – incomplete period.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;">The number of shells present in the element indicates the period to which it belongs</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;">Valency</span></b>: it is defined as the combing capacity of an atom of an element to acquire noble gas configuration. It is equal to the number of electrons lost, gained or shared during the formation of a chemical compound.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">(i) In groups the elements present have same valence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">(ii) In periods: valence increases 1 to 4 and then decreases to zero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;">Atomic size / Atomic radii</span></b><span style="color: red;">:</span> It is defined as the distance from the Centre of nucleus to the outermost shell of the atom. It is generally expressed in Pico meter (Pm).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">On moving down the group the group the atomic radii increases.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Because on moving down the group a new energy shell is added which increases the distance between the outermost electrons and the nucleus. Although the nuclear charge also increases, but it is compensated by the additional shell being added thus, increasing the size of the atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hence, <span lang="EN-IN">In periods atomic radius decreases in moving from left to right due to increase in nuclear charge which have tendency to attract electron closer to the nucleus and reduces the size of atom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i><span style="color: red;">Across the period the atomic radii decrease</span></i></b><i>. <o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Due to the increased nuclear charge, the pull on the electrons increases and hence, they are pulled<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Closer to the nucleus thus, decreasing the atomic size. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hence, in groups: Atomic size increases down the group because new shells are added down the group which increases distance between nucleus and outer most electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></i></b></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i><span style="color: red;">Oxides and its nature</span></i></b>: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Metals react with oxygen to form oxides by loss of electrons. These oxides on dissolution in water form bases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red;">Reactivity of elements</span></b><span style="color: red;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Down the group reactivity of metals increases </i>as the tendency to lose electrons increases due to increased atomic size.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Reactivity of non- metals decreases down the group<o:p></o:p></span></i></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i> </i>Because of the increased atomic size and the tendency to gain electrons decreases.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i><span style="color: red;">On moving across the period</span></i></b><b><span style="color: red;">, </span></b><span style="color: black;">the reactivity first increases due to the decrease in the metallic character and increase in non metallic character.</span><b><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Metallic and Non-metallic Properties</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"> The metallic character of an element is expressed in terms of its electron releasing tendency while non-metallic character in term of electron accepting tendency. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red;">In group</span><span lang="EN-IN">: Metallic character of the element increases down the group due to increasing atomic size or because outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus .So they can be easily lost. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red;">In periods:-</span><span lang="EN-IN"> Metallic character of the element decreases along a period due to decrease in atomic size along a period or outermost electrons are closer to nucleus. So they can not be easily lost. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red;">NOTE:-</span></b><span lang="EN-IN"> Non-metallic elements follow the same reverse trend. In modern periodic table a zig - zag line separates metals from Non-metals. The border line elements, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te and Po are called metalloids or semi-metal.<b><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-78008242838377156882019-12-05T19:32:00.000+05:302019-12-05T19:32:19.410+05:30X Chemistry Test Paper For Ch - 5 Periodic Classification of Elements <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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1. What is the name given to group of three
similar elements by Dobereiner?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">2. State "Newlands law of Octaves"
for classification of elements.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Name the fundamental property used by
Mendeleev as the basis of classification.</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
4. How many groups and periods are there in
the Modern periodic table?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 5. What was the prediction of Mendeleev
regarding the gaps in his periodic table?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 6. How is valency of an element determined?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 7. What will be the valency of an element
having atomic number 16?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 8. How does valency vary in going down a
group?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 9. Why inert gases have zero valency?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 10. What would be the valency of an atom
containing 8 electrons in its outermost shell?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 11. How does the electronegative character
of elements vary along a period of the periodic table?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 12. The present classification of elements
is based on which fundamental property of elements?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 13. Among first ten elements in the modern
periodic table name the metals present.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 14. Metals are on which side of Modern periodic
table?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 15. State Mendleev’s periodic law.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 16. Name two elements, other than Gallium,
whose existence was predicted by Mendeleev.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 17. State Modern Periodic law.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 18. Write the name given to the vertical
columns in a periodic table.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 19. What name is given to the horizontal
rows in a periodic table?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 20. Why do silicon is classified as
Metalloid?</span></div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-13149799298838991482019-12-05T19:31:00.002+05:302023-09-28T22:21:24.303+05:30X CBSE Practice Work sheet <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: #e69138;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;">CBSE Board Questions</span></b></div>
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</div>1. (a) What are metalloids ? Write any two examples.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (b) Given below are some of the elements of first group Li, Na, K (Their atomic numbers are 3,11,19 respectively and they belong to 2nd 3rd and 4th period respectively) Arrange these in the decreasing order of metallic character exhibited by them. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. What are amphoteric oxides? Choose the amphoteric oxide from among the following </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">oxides :– Na2O, ZnO, Al2O3, CO2, H2O </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Study the variation in the atomic radii of first group elements given below and arrange </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">them in increasing order :– </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Group I element Na Li Rb Cs K </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Atomic Radii P.M 86 152 244 262 231</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. An element X has the electroic configuration as 2, 8, 7 :–</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(a) What is the atomic number of the element?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) What will be the formula of its compound formed with Na?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(c) What is the name given to the family of this element?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. How do you calculate the valence of the element from its electronic configuration? What is the valence of Mg with atomic number 12 and sulphur with atomic number 16? How does the valence vary in going down in a group? </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Atomic radii of the elements of the period II are as follows:–</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Period II elements : Be B O N C Li</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Atomic Radius : 111 88 66 74 77 152</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Arrange them in decreasing order of their atomic radii.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) How does the atomic size vary on moving from left to right in a period? Explain why?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) How will the tendency to lose electrons will vary on moving from left to right in this period II?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. Oxygen (O, 8) and sulphur (S, 16) belong to group 16 of the periodic table:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Write the electronic configuration and valence of these two elements?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Which among these will be more electronegative? Why?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">8. Given below are the atomic
radii of some elements of second period.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.3pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Element <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<br></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">B <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">O <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> C <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.3pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Atomic Radius in pm <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">88 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">66 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 77 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.2pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="Default">
<br></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Arrange these elements in the
increasing order of their atomic number . Give reason for your answer.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: left;">
<br></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">9. Two elements ‘A’ and ‘B’ belong to group 1 and 2 respectively in the same period.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Compare them with respect to :–</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(a) Number of valence electrons.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Valency</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(c) Metallic character</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(d) Size of atom</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(e) Formulae of their oxides.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">10. (a) Atomic radius of hydrogen is 37pm. Express it in meters. (b) How does atomic size vary in a group and in a period ?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">11. From the part of a periodic table, answer the following questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.15pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hydrogen</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 2</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 13</span></div>
</td><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 14</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Carbon</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 15</span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 16</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Oxygen</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Fluorine</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: black; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 25.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 5.05pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> X</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> P</span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 5.05pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Y</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">R</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 5.05pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Z</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 5.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="94"></td><td style="border: none;" width="94"></td><td style="border: none;" width="94"></td><td style="border: none;" width="1"></td><td style="border: none;" width="90"></td><td style="border: none;" width="2"></td><td style="border: none;" width="94"></td><td style="border: none;" width="93"></td><td style="border: none;" width="1"></td><td style="border: none;" width="94"></td><td style="border: none;" width="24"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(a) Atomic number of oxygen is 8. What would be the atomic number of, Fluorine ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Out of ‘X’ and ‘Q’ which element has larger atomic size. Give reason for your answer Fluorine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(c) Out of ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ which element has smaller atomic size. Give reason for your answer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">12.</span>State Modern Periodic Law. Name the two elements of
first period.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
13.Two element X, Y and Z belong to 17th group but to
2nd,3rd and 4th period respectively. Number of valence electrons in Y is 7.
Find the number of valence electrons in X and Z.</div>
<div class="Default">
<br></div>
<div class="Default">
14. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">How does the metallic
character of the elements vary (i) in a group (ii) in a period of the modern
periodic table ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><br></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">15.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Na, Mg, Al and P belong to 3</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">rd </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">period but are
placed in first, second, thirteenth and fifteenth group. Number of shells
occupied in Mg is three. What is the number of occupied shells in Na, Al and P.
Give reason for your answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><br></span></div>
<div class="Default">
Q. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the number of
elements in first , second and third period of the periodic table? Give reason
for your answer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-80094782038112825102019-12-05T19:31:00.001+05:302019-12-05T19:31:53.160+05:30X- chemistry Guess Test paper - Ch -5-Periodic-Classification-of-Elements <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. “Elements in Periodic Table show periodicity of
properties” List any four such properties.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The following table shows the
positions of six elements A, B, C,D,E and F in the modern periodic table</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Group\Period </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
1 </div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .4in;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
2 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67">3to 12
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
13 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
14 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
15 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
16 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
17 </div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
18 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
2 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
A </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 1.35pt;">
B </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.25pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
C </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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3 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 2.85pt;">
D </div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.0pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
E </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.25pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.55pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.8pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
F </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="109"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="54"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="38"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="0"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="0"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="3"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="65"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="24"></td>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(a). Which element will form only
covalent compounds ? </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(b) Which element is
a metal with valency two ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(c). Out of D and E , which one
has a bigger atomic radius ? Give reason for your answers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuPNYpLNGa3x8LlBcG8lJm1Bqd_P2xayEbP0WUiKgs6-GeL_271LufULdewVOKRn86UTkaRBS4B9AmnoLMsPogOIa_uiYG8jNjysCj1QRYuaLWlrrBM566FTHNP7M4R3sn4ccyTOWgNc/s1600/Sample+paper+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuPNYpLNGa3x8LlBcG8lJm1Bqd_P2xayEbP0WUiKgs6-GeL_271LufULdewVOKRn86UTkaRBS4B9AmnoLMsPogOIa_uiYG8jNjysCj1QRYuaLWlrrBM566FTHNP7M4R3sn4ccyTOWgNc/s320/Sample+paper+1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. (a) Atomic number of Mg and Al are 12 and 13
respectively. Write their electronic configuration. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Mention the period of
the Modern Periodic Table to which the above two elements belong. Give reason
for your answer</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. (a) State the Modern periodic law. (b) What is the
total number of periods and groups in Modern Periodic Table</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. </span>From the part of a periodic table, answer the following
questions<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
1 </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Hydrogen </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
2 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
13 </div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
14 </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Carbon </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
15 </div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.3pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
16 </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Oxygen </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
17 </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Fluorine </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
X </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
P </div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Q </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Y </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
R </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 5.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.5pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Z </div>
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(a) Atomic number of oxygen is 8. What would be the
atomic number of, Fluorine ?<br />
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(b) Out of ‘X’ and ‘Q’ which element has larger atomic
size. Give reason for your answer Fluorine. </div>
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(c) Out of ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ which element has smaller atomic
size. Give reason for your answer.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. State two limitations of Newland's law of Octaves.</span></div>
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7. Name the scientist who proposed modern periodic law? On which fundamental property of elements it is based?<br />
8. Why could no fixed position be given to hyderogen in Mendleev’s Periodic table?</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">9. What are metalloids? Give two examples.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">10. In group 1 of periodic table three elements X, Y and Z have atomic radii 133pm , 95pm and 65pm respectively giving a reason, arrange them in the increasing order of their atomic number in the group.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">11. In modern periodic table, the isotopes of Chlorine Cl-35 and Cl-37 having different atomic masses will be kept in different slots or they would be assigned same position on the basis of their chemical properties? Give reason in support of your answer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">12. Nitrogen (At no. 7) and Phosphorus (At no. 15) belong to group 15 of the periodic table:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">13. How and why does the atomic size vary as you go down a group?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">14. Why was Dobereiner’s system of classification of elements into triads not found to be useful?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">15.(a) “Silicon is classified
as a metalloid.” Justify this classification.</span></div>
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(b) Name two more such metalloids.</div>
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(c) In which part of the Periodic Table we can look for metalloids. On which side of these we can get non- metals ?</div>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-70349408537472547302019-12-05T19:30:00.003+05:302023-09-28T21:35:41.020+05:30Chemistry X | Carbon and its Compounds | Short type important questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</div>Q.1 Why is carbon tetravalent ?</span></div>
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Ans 1:Carbon atom has 4 electrons in the outermost shell.It needs 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Therefore , carbon is tetravalent .<br>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.2 The formula of a hydrocarbon is Cn H2n. Name the family to which it belongs and also predict its nature.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 2: The hydrocarbon belongs to alkenes It is unsaturated in nature .</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.3 What is the valency of carbon in CH3-CH3, CH2=CH2 and HC=CH ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 3: The valency of carbon in all its compounds whether saturated or unsaturated is 4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.4 Out of butter and ground nut oil , which is unsaturated in Nature?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 4: Groundnut oil is unsaturated in nature .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.5 Why is high temperature not favourable for alcoholic fermentation?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 5: The high temperature destroys the enzymes which are needed to carry fermentation .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.6 Name a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing three double bonds?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 6: Benzene</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.7 What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 7 : 14 mass units.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.8 Which has triple bond ; C2H4 ,C3H6 and C3H4 ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 8:C3H4 has triple bond in the formula .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.9 Which substance is added to denature ethyl alcohol?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 9: A small amount of methyl alcohol , pyridine or copper sulphate is added to denature ethyl alcohol .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.10 Which ions are responsible for making water hard ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 10: Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are responsible for making water hard.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.11 Name the catalyst commonly used in hydrogenation of oil to form fats?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 11:Nickel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.12 Write the name and molecular formula of alcohol derived from butane ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 12: C4H9OH Butanol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.13 Which gas is evolved when sodium carbonate or bicarbonate is added to ethanoic acid ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 13 : CO2 (carbon dioxide).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.14 What is SCUM ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 14: Scum is precipitate of Calcium and Magnesium salt of organic fatty acids.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q.15 What are hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts in soaps?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans 15: The alkyl group(R) consisting of long chain of carbon atom is hydrophobic part while COONa group is hydrophilic in nature </span></div>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-58648531800358608882019-12-05T19:30:00.002+05:302019-12-05T19:30:57.452+05:30CBSE X Periodic Classification of Elements Solved assignment <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: red; color: white;">Periodic Classification of Elements Assignment Solved</span><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;">Q1. Explain Dobereiner’s Law of triads along with an example .</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Dobereiner tried to arrange elements with similar properties into groups of 3 elements each. He called these as triads. He showed that when the 3 elements into a triad were arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the masses of the other two elements. e.g. Li Na K</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">atomic mass 6.9 23 39</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"> 39+6.9/2 = 45.9/2 = 22.9 = 23</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><b>Q2. What were the limitations of Dobereiner’s Law of triads?</b></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Dobereiner could identify only 3 triads from the element known at that time. Hence, this system is not useful. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><b>Q3. State newland’s law of Octaves.</b></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Newland arranged the elements in the increasing order of the atomic masses and found that every eight element had properties similar to that of the first like the notes of music. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><b>Q4. What were the limitations of newland’s Law of Octaves?</b></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. 1. It was only applicable only up to Calcium as after Calcium every eighth element did not posses , properties similar to that of first. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN">2. At a few places unlike elements were put together like cobalt and nickel along with F, Cl and Br.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;">Q5. Which 2 criteria did Mendeleev used to classify elements in his periodic table ?</span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Atomic mass and similarity in chemical property.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;">Q6. State Mendeleev’s periodic law.</span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span>
<b style="color: #351c75;">Q7. Why did Mendeleev leave gap in his periodic table?</b><br />
<b style="color: #351c75;"><br /></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Mendeleev place elements with similar properties one below the other leaving gap for yet undiscovered elements.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;">Q8. Name the elements which have since been discovered that were left by Mendeleev in his Periodic Table?</span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. Eka Boron – Scandium Eka Al - Gallium Eka Si - Germanium </span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Q9. What are the limitations of Mendeleev's periodic table?</span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN">1. Position of Isotopes was not clear in his table.</span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">2. Wrong Order of atomic mass of certain elements – Elements with higher atomic mass were placed before elements having lower atomic mass. e.g. Cobalt was placed before nickel.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">3. Position of hydrogen was not clear in his periodic table.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #351c75;">Q10. What is Modern periodic Law ? </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. The Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Q11. How were the drawbacks of Mendeleev's periodic table resolved in the modern periodic table?</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. As the modern periodic table was based on the atomic numbers so all the isotopes could be placed together in one slot. Secondly, the wrong order of atomic masses was also sorted as Cobalt's atomic number was lower than Nickel even though it had a higher atomic mass.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Q12. How are the position of elements related to their atomic number in the Modern periodic table?</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. The number of valence electrons present in an atom of an element is equivalent to the group number, while the total number of shells give the period number in which the element to present.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">e.g 1. Atomic no. of Mg=12 ; Electronic configuration=2,8,2 therefore, Gp. no.=2 or IIA Period no.=3</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">e.g 2. Atomic no. of Cl=17; Electronic Configuration=2,8,7 therefore, Gp. no.=17<sup>th</sup> or VIIA</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><b>Q13. Explain the gradation in properties of elements in the modern periodic table. </b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN">Ans. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><b>a. Valency: </b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"> Valency of elements remain the same while going down a group </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"> Moving across a period, the valency of elements increases from 1 to 4 and then decreases till 0.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">b. Atomic size or radius:</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"> It increases on going down a group</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"> It decreases in Moving from left to right along a period.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">c. Metallic and non-metallic properties:</span></b> : Moving down a group of metals, metallic nature increases due to increasing size. However, in a group of non-metals the non-metallic character decreases on going down</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Going across a period, the metallic character decreases while Non-metallic character increases</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><b>Q14. Give examples of somea. Metalloids – Boron , Silicon , Germanium</b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">b. Alkali metals – Sodium , lithium , Potassium</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">c. Halogens – Fluorine , Chlorine , Bromine</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">d. Alkaline Earth metals – Magnesium , Calcium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN">e. Nobel gases or Inert elements – Helium , Neon , Krypton</span></div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-10424552817100314982019-12-05T19:30:00.000+05:302019-12-05T19:30:02.536+05:30X Mendeleev’s Periodic table and its properties 10th Periodic Classification of Elements)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: orange; color: white; font-family: inherit;">Dmitry Mendeleev a Russian chemist while trying to classify elements discovered that on arranging in the increasing order of atomic mass, elements with similar chemical properties occurred periodically.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In1869, he stated this observation in the following form which is known as <span style="color: blue;">Mendeleev’s Periodic Law.</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">A periodic function is the one which repeats itself after a certain interval. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">According to<span style="color: blue;"> the periodic law</span> : The chemical and physical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">A tabular arrangement of the elements based on the periodic law is called<span style="color: blue;"> periodic table.</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Mendeleev believed that <span style="color: blue;">atomic mass of elements was the most fundamental property</span> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">and arranged them in its increasing order in horizontal rows till he encountered an element which had properties similar to the first element. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">He placed this element below the first </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">element and thus started the second row of elements. Proceeding in this manner he could arrange all the known elements according to their properties and thus created the first periodic table.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-khTdhVABLXM/TvtAC4gnflI/AAAAAAAAAl8/X8lo4e9AvmE/s640/MANDEELEVES+TABLE.JPG" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Main features of Mendeleev’s periodic table</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. The horizontal rows present in the periodic table are called periods. You can see that there are seven periods in the periodic table. These are numbered from 1 to 7 </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Properties of elements in a particular period show regular gradation (i.e. increase or decrease) from left to right.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. The vertical columns present in it are called groups. You must have noticed that these are nine in number and are numbered from I to VIII and Zero</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Groups I to VII are subdivided into A and B subgroups. Groups Zero and VIII don’t have any subgroups.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. All the elements in a particular group are chemically similar in nature. They show regular gradation in their physical properties and chemical reactivities.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">After learning about the main features we shall now learn about the main merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table. <span style="color: blue;">Merits of Mendeleev’s periodic classification</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Classification of all elements : Mendeleev’s was the first classification which successfully included all the elements.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Prediction of new elements: Mendeleev’s periodic table had some blank spaces in it. These<span style="color: blue;"> vacant spaces were for elements that were yet to be discovered</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> For instance, scandium, gallium and germanium, discovered later, have properties similar to Eka–boron,Eka–aluminium and Eka–silicon, respectively. The properties of Eka–Aluminium predicted by Mendeléev and those of the element, gallium which was discovered later and replaced Eka aluminium, are listed as follows</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Although it was a very successful attempt but it also had some defects in it. <span style="color: blue;">Now we shall discuss the</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">defects in this classification</span>. </span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;">Defects in Mendeleev’s periodic classification: </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In spite of being a historic achievement Mendeleev’s periodic table had some defects in it. </span><u style="background-color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white;">The following were the main defects in it:</span></u><br />
<u style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></u>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen resembles alkali metals (forms H+ ion just like Na+ ions) as well as halogens ( forms H- ion similar to Cl- ion).Therefore, it could neither be placed with alkali metals</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">(group I ) nor with halogens (group VII ).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Position of isotopes: Different isotopes of same elements have different atomic masses, therefore, each one of them should be given a different position in the periodic table. On the other hand, </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">because they are chemically similar, they had to be given same position.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Anomalous pairs of elements: At certain places, an element of higher atomic mass has been placed before an element of lower atomic mass. For example, Argon (39.91) is placed before potassium (39.1)</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #ffd966;"><span style="color: blue;">CHECK YOUR PROGRESS IN LEARNING</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Elements A, B and C constitute a Dobereiner’s triad. What is the relationship in their atomic masses?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">2. How many elements were included in the arrangement given by Newland?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Which property of atoms was used by Mendeleev to classify the elements?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">4. How many groups were originally proposed by Mendeleev in his periodic table?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">5. Where in the periodic table are chemically similar elements placed, in a group or in a period?</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Mendeleev’s periodic table had some blank spaces in it. What do they signify?</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. What name was given to the element whose properties were similar to the element eka-aluminium</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> predicted by Mendeleev?</span><br />
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-16325663684847822232019-12-05T19:24:00.003+05:302023-09-28T21:36:47.398+05:30CBSE Board guess Questions class 10 Chapter 04 Carbon and its Compounds <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">An
organic acid ‘X’ is a liquid which often freezes during winter time in cold
countries, has the molecular formula, C2H4O2. On warming it with ethanol in the presence of a few
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid,
a compound ‘Y’ with a sweet smell is formed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">(i) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. (ii)
Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">(i) The organic acid X is
ethanoic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH) and The compound Y is ethyl Ethanoate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">CH<sub>3</sub> – COOH + CH<sub>3</sub>
– CH<sub>2</sub>OH ----------> (CH<sub>3</sub>
– C – O – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH<sub>3</sub> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Write
name of the following –</span><span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">i.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Alkaline earth metal belonging to the third period<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">ii.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The alkali metal atom having largest atomic radius<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">iii.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The halogen atom belonging to fourth period<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">iv.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The element having lowest ionization energy<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">v.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The element having second lowest electronegativity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<td colspan="5" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -4.5pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnesium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -4.5pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Francium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -4.5pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bromine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -4.5pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>iv.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cesium
375.6 kJ per mole <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -4.5pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>v.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Francium 380 kJ per mole<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -4.5pt; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organic compound 'x' of molecular formula C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2
</sub>gives brisk effervescence with sodium bi carbonate . give name and
molecular formula of x with balanced equation</span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The compound X is ethanoic
acid, commonly known as acetic acid. On reaction with sodium bicarbonate, it
forms sodium acetate, water and carbon dioxide gas. Thus the brisk
effervescence observed is due to carbon dioxide gas. Its molecular formula is
C2H4O2 . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Following is the chemical
equation for the reaction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">CH3COOH + NaHCO3 </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">→</span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">
CH3COONa + H2O + CO2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What is Saponification Reaction?</span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Esters react in the presence
of an acid or a base to give back alcohol and carboxylic acid. This
reaction is used in the manufacture of soaps and is known as saponification.
Soap, is nothing but the sodium salt of the carboxylate.<br>
CH<sub>3</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> ---(NaOH)--> CH<sub>3</sub>COOH +
C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<br>
Ester (ethyl ethanoate) --Base (sodium
hydroxide)--> Carboxylic Acid (ethanoic acid) + Alcohol
(ethanol)<br>
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaOH -----> CH<sub>3</sub>COONa
+ H<sub>2</sub>O<br>
Carboxylic Acid (Ethanoic Acid) + Base (Sodium Hydroxide)
-----> Soap (Sodium Ethanoate / acetate) + Water <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Soaps
are not considered as effective cleansing agent. Why?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Soaps are not considered as
effective cleansing agent because it is glyceride salt of soft metal like
sodium which works in neutral and alkaline medium but in acidic medium get
neutralized to form scum or ppt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">How
does melting and boiling points of hydrocarbon change with the increase in molecular
mass ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">With increase in molar mass,
the melting point and boiling points of hydrocarbons increases generally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">It is because, with increase
in molar mass, the molecule becomes larger and so the van der waal's forces
and other binding forces between those molecules become stronger, which holds
the particles very firmly together in solid or liquid phase and so it
requires more energy to break these bonds and thus the melting and boiling
points of the hydrocarbons increases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Write
down the relevant chemical equation involved in decolourisation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 99.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Ethene is an unsaturated
compound.it has one double bond.When Bromine water(brown in colour) is added
to ethene it reacts with ethene to form a new compound 1,2 dibromoethane
which is colourless. The colour of bromine water is gone now. Generally
bromine water is decolourise by all the compounds that contain double or
triple bond. Ethane is a saturated compound with no multiple bond hence does
not decolourise Br water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">CH<sub>2</sub> = CH<sub>2</sub> + Br<sub>2</sub> ----------> Br-CH<sub>2</sub>
- CH<sub>2</sub>- Br <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">A
compound X has molecular formula C3H4 one mole of X reacts with 2 moles of
hydrogen to yield a compound Y deduce the structure of X and Y.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The molecular formula
suggests that the molecule is an alkyne, as the general formula for alkyne is
CnH<sub>2n-2</sub>. So, X is propyne. Addition of two moles of
hydrogen will form the corresponding alkane, propane (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>).
So, X is propyne and Y is propane.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">HC </span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">º</span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> C - CH<sub>3</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>
--------------> CH<sub>3</sub> - C H<sub>2</sub>- CH<sub>3</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">What is
dehydration reaction? Give one example.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The removal of water molecule
from a compound is known as dehydration. Example: Dehydration of alcohols
gives alkenes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">R-CH<sub>2-</sub>CHOH-R ------------->
R-CH=CH-R + H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">What is
hydrolysis?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Hydrolysis means addition of
water to a molecule resulting in breaking of bonds that are present in the
molecule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">In scientific language;-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydrolysis
is a type of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>decomposition
reaction<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>where one<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>reactant<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>water.<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
<span style="background: white;">The general formula of a hydrolysis reaction
is:</span></span><br>
<span style="background: white;">AB + H</span><sub style="bottom: -0.5em;">2</sub>O <span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> AH + BO</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
<span style="background: white;">Organic hydrolysis reactions involve the
reaction of water and a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>ester.
This reaction follows the general formula:</span><br>
<span style="background: white;">RCO-OR' + H</span><sub style="bottom: -0.5em;">2</sub>0 <span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> RCO-OH + R'-O</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Dissolving a salt of a weak
acid or base in water is an example of a hydrolysis reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Why doesn’t
soap form micelles in ethanol as they form in water?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">A molecule of soap is made up
of two parts- a hydrophilic polar end and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon
part.In a soap solution, the hydrocarbon portion of several soap molecules
huddle together whereas the polar ends project outward into the polar
solvent, water. These spherical clusters of hundreds of molecules are called
micelle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">In organic solvent like
ethanol, soap is completely soluble, hence no micelle formation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<td colspan="5" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Three
elements X,Y and Z belong to 17TH group but to 2nd 3th and 4th period
respectively. Number of valance electrons in X is 7Find the number of valance
electrons in X and Z.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Since X, Y and Z all three
belong to same group that is 17<sup>th</sup> therefore they all have
same number of valence electrons which is equal to 7. Having different period will
not affect on the number of valence electrons provided the group number
remain same.<br>
The X, Y and Z are Fluorine, chlorine and bromine belonging to 2<sup>nd</sup>,
3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> period respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td colspan="5" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">What is
the use of oxyacetylene flame?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The oxyacetylene flame is a
gas torch that burns a mixture of acetylene and oxygen to produce a
high-temperature flame (3,000°C or 5,400°F) that can be used for
welding, cutting steel, and other metal working.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<td colspan="5" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">What is
observed on adding 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate solution
drop by drop to some warm ethanol taken in testube.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Write
the name of the compound formed during chemical reaction.</span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">When a 5% solution of
alkaline potassium permanganate solution is added drop by drop to some warm ethanol taken in a test
tube, magenta colour of alkaline potassium
permanganate disappears and ethanol has been changed to carboxylic acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">. The reaction is as follows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">CH<sub>3</sub> - CH<sub>2</sub>OH --------------- > CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">How
would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
on the basis of a chemical property? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 35;">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">To distinguish experimentally
between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property,
we take these samples in two separate test tubes. Add sodium hydrogen
carbonate in both the test tubes. The test tube, from which the effectiveness
evolves, contain carboxylic acid. The effervescence is due to the evolution
of carbon dioxide gas. However, from test
tube containing alcohol there is to effervescence, because no carbon dioxide gas is produced there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Why are
vegetable oils healthy as compared to vegetable ghee ? how are vegetable oils
converted into vegetable ghee name the process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 37;">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The fatty acid with a single
double bond is called mono unsaturated fatty acid (e.g. oleic acid), and if
it has multiple double bonds, it’s polyunsaturated (e.g. linoleic acid). By
virtue of their tightly packed structure, the saturated fatty acids increase
the levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and clog the arteries. On the other hand,
the unsaturated fatty acids increase
the levels of good cholesterol (HDL) by taking the LDL to the liver to be
broken down and removed from the body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Vegetable oil can be converted
into ghee by the process of hydrogenation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 61.5pt;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">The
process of conversion of oil into ghee is known hydrogenation. This process
is called so because hydrogen is added and it takes place at 450<sup>0</sup>c
and with nickel or palladium as a catalyst.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 38;">
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2 </sub>+H<sub>2</sub> ----Ni---------> CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><sub><br></sub></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 39;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">When
acetic acid reacts with X, a salt is formed which on reaction with soda lime
gives a gas Y. Identify X and Y<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 40;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaHCO<sub>3</sub>
--------------> CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + H<sub>2</sub>O +CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 41;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 478.65pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">CH<sub>3</sub>COONa
+NaOH ---------- -> CH<sub>4</sub> + Na <sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><sub><br></sub></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 42;">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">“Alkenes
form a homologous series" Explain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #0066ff; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 43; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Homologous series is a group
or family of compounds that have the same general formula but vary by a single
parameter.<br>
Alkenes have general formula, C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub> and the
varying parameter is the length of carbon chain. C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>,
C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub> are members with
different number of carbon atoms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-86493520045713378852019-12-05T19:24:00.002+05:302023-09-28T21:15:43.152+05:30Atoms and molecules class 9 solved question<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;">QUESTIONS FROM Exam PAPERS</span><br>
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<span style="color: blue;">Questions: 5 g of calcium combine with 2 g of oxygen to form a compound. Find the molecular formula of the compound. (Atomic mass of Ca = 40 u ; O =16 u)</span><br>
<br>
Solution: Number of moles in 5g of calcium = mass / molar mass = (5 / 40) = 0.125<br>
<br>
Number of moles in 2g of oxygen = mass / molar mass = (2 / 16) = 0.125<br>
<br>
Now we will calculate the simplest ratio of the element by dividing the number of moles of each element by the smallest value.<br>
<br>
Since number of moles of each element is 0.125, therefore calcium and oxygen are present in a ratio of 1 : 1. Thus the empirical formula of the compound is CaO.<br>
<br>
For calculating the molecular formula, we need the molecular mass of the compound. However, because a compound with the formula CaO is known,<br>
<br>
Therefore the molecular formula of the compound is CaO.<br>
<br>
<span style="color: blue;">Questions: When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.0 g of oxygen, 11.0 g of carbon dioxide is produced. </span><br>
<span style="color: blue;">What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen ? </span><br>
<span style="color: blue;">Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer ? State the law.</span><br>
<br>
Solution: The mass of the carbon dioxide formed will be only 11 grams. The remaining oxygen is not used up.<br>
<br>
This indicates the law of definite proportions which says that in compounds, the combining elements are present in definite proportions by mass.<br>
<br>
<span style="color: red;">Class 9 Atoms and molecules solved CBSE Test Papers New addition</span><br>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-786127479009395982019-12-05T19:22:00.001+05:302023-09-28T21:15:11.217+05:30Metal and Nonmetal class 10th Solved Questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Question:
Why is froth floatation process selected for concentration of the sulphide ore?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">Ans. : </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 115%;">Sulphide ore particles are welted by oil
(pire oil) and gangue particles by water]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Question: </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Why cannot
Al be reduced by carbon?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. Aluminium is stronger reducing agent
than carbon and therefore, cannot be reduced by it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Question: </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Name the common elements present in the anode mud in electrolytic
refining of copper. Why are they so present?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. The anode mud in the
electrolytic refining of copper contains antimony, selenium tellurium,
silver, gold and platinum. These are present as impurities in blister copper. They are
less reactive and are not affected by CuSO4-H2SO4 solution and hence settle down
near anode as anode mud.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Question: </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Which is the cheapest and most abundant
reducing agent which is used in, the extraction of metals?</span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. Carbon in the form of coke.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Question: </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">What is the significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium ?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. The principal ore of aluminium
is bauxite (Al203). It contains Si02, iron oxides, titanium oxide as
impurities. The significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium from bauxite
is to remove the impurities from the ore.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Question: </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">What is the role of graphite rod in the electrometallurgy of aluminium?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. The graphite rod is useful
in the electrometallurgy of aluminium for reduction of alumina to
aluminium. ; </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 2Al203+ 3C → 4Al + 3C02<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Question: </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 115%;">Write
chemical reactions taking place in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. (i) The concentrated zinc blende ore
(ZnS) is roasted in the presence of excess air about<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">120<sup>0</sup> to convert it to zinc oxide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2ZnS + 3O2
→ 2ZnO + 2S02<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Zinc blende Zinc oxide<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Zinc oxide is reduced to zinc by heating
with crushed coke at 1673 K<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">ZnO + C →Zn + CO<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) The impure copper is refined by electro
refining method. In this method, the impure zinc is made anode and a plate of
pure zinc is made cathode in an electrolytic bath containing zinc sulphate and
a small amount of </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">dilute H2SO4. On passing current, the following reaction
occur:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At anode: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">At cathode: Zn2+ + 2e- →Zn<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
zinc gets deposited on cathode and is collected. </span></span><br>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue;"><b><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Question:</span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">What are the </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">different</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> methods of the purification of metals</span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
Answer: </div>
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;">PURIFICATION OR REFINING OF METALS</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;"><br></span>The metal obtained by any of the above methods is impure and is known as crude metal. The process of purifying the crude metal is called refining. The method of refining depends upon the nature of the metal and the impurities which are present in the metal. Some of the methods generally applied for refining metals are discussed below.</div>
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<br>
<span style="color: blue;">Liquation: </span></div>
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<br></div>
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
This process is used for refining the metals having low melting points. Such as tin, lead, bismuth. etc. this is based on the principle that the metal to be refined is easily fusible (melt easily) but the impurities do not fuse easily. In this process, the impure metal is placed on the sloping hearth of the furnace and is gently heated. The hearth is maintained at a temperature slightly above the melting point of the metal. The metal melts and flows down to the bottom of sloping hearth and the impurities are left behind. The pure metal is collected to the bottom of the sloping hearth. </div>
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<br></div>
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;">Distillation:</span><br>
This method is used for the purification of volatile metals (which form vapours readily). Such as mercury and zinc. In this method the impure metal is heated strongly in a vessel (called retort). The pure metal distils over and its vapours are condensed separately in a receiver to get pure metal. The non- volatile impurities are left behind in the retort.</div>
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<br>
<span style="color: blue;">Oxidation method (Oxidative refining):</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
<br>
This method is used for the refining of metal in those cases in the impurities have greater tendency to get oxidised than metal itself.<br>
For example: Impure iron (Pig or cast iron) is refined oxidative refining method. Pig iron contains carbon, sulphur, phosphorous, silicon and manganese as impurities. When a blast of air is blown over molten pig iron these impurities are oxidised to their oxides (CO2, SO2, P2O5 etc.) and get removed. The pure iron is left behind. Similarly, Silver is refined by this method.</div>
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<br>
<span style="color: blue;">Electrolytic refining:</span></div>
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This is the most widely method for the refining of impure metals. Many metals such as copper, zinc, tin, nickel, silver, gold etc. are refined electrolytically. It is based upon the phenomenon of electrolysis, in this process, the impure metal is made of the anode and a thin strip of pure metal is made of the cathode. A solution of the metal salt is used as an electrolyte. On passing the electric current through the electrolyte. The pure metal from the anode dissolved into electrolyte. An equivalent amount of pure metal gets deposited on the cathode. The soluble impurities go into the solution, whereas, the impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and are known as anode mud.<br>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLHIVUZ0KozRdkXXhaVCE3Ifj4Y_Xeaoo-HeTnqOD5E2fRO8-HjXfbnYrIzljf9fZjsFpTaXJiBP-RgvME1Qc6g3vtRuSqFVxuPnpzC9yMKkSVOLlqwJ9SWxakQA3zNOP9zeLQ2MIpnpc/s1600/purification+of+copper.png"><br>
For example: In the electrolytic refining of copper (The apparatus is set up as shown in figure as below) crude copper is made the anode, a thin sheet of pure copper is made the cathode. The electrolyte is a solution of copper sulphate containing a small amount of dilute H2SO4 acid. On passing the electric current copper dissolve from the anode into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of copper is deposited at the cathode in the from pure at metal. The following reactions occurs at the electrodes.<br>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-29717951577267110582019-12-05T19:21:00.001+05:302023-09-28T22:09:05.735+05:3010th Periodic Properties of Elements in modern periodic Table (Solved problems)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Define valency and describe its variation in a
period and a group.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans: Valency of an element is its combining capacity.Valency of an element =
number of valence electrons (if equal to or less than 4)Valency of an element =
8 — number of valence electrons (if more than 4)</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2. What happens to the metallic character of
the elements as we move in a period from left to right in the periodic table?
Give reason.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans: M</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">etallic character of the element decreases
along a period due to decrease in atomic size along a period or outermost
electrons are closer to nucleus. So they cannot be easily lost.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3. How were the positions of different isotopes
decided in modern periodic table? </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans: All the isotopes of an element have same
atomic numbers. In modern periodic table, the elements have been allotted
places based on their atomic numbers. Therefore, all the isotopes of an element
have been assigned the same position in the modern periodic table</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Where
do you think hydrogen should be placed in the modern periodic table?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
<u1:p></u1:p>Ans: The modern periodic table is based on the atomic numbers of
the elements and also upon their electronic distribution. Alkali metals as well
as hydrogen have one electron in their valence shell. Therefore, hydrogen
should be placed in the group of alkali metals. However, it has been assigned a
separate position and is not a member of the group of alkali metals since it is
a non-metal.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5. How were the positions of the elements Co and
Ni resolved in the modern periodic table?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans: On the basis of atomic masses, Ni (58.7)
should be placed before Co (58.9). This was defect in Mendeleev’s table because
the element Co was placed before Ni. However, the atomic number of (Co = 27) is
less than that of Ni ( 28). Therefore, they have been correctly arranged in the
modern periodic table.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6. The two isotopes of chlorine have atomic masses
35 u and 37 u. Should they be placed in same slot in the periodic table?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
<u1:p></u1:p>Ans: Yes, they should be placed in the same slot because periodic
table is based on the atomic numbers of the element and both the isotopes of
chlorine have the same atomic number (Z = 17).</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Which element is bigger in size, lithium (Z =
3) or Sodium (Z = 11) and why?</span><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span><br>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
Ans: Lithium (Li) atom has only two shells K and L in it whereas a sodium (Na)
atom has three shells K L and M. Since a sodium atom has one mote shell than a
lithium atom, therefore sodium atom is bigger in size.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">8. What were the criteria used by Mendeleev in
creating his periodic table?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans. Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on
the observation that properties of the elements are a periodic function of
their atomic masses. This means that if elements are arranged in the increasing
order of their atomic masses, then elements with similar properties get their
place in the same group in a successive increasing order of atomic masses.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Why did Mendeleev leave some gaps in his
periodic table?</span><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span><br>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
Ans. Mendeleev left gaps in his periodic table to keep the elements with
similar properties together. He predicted that new elements would be discovered
later and they would occupy those gaps.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">10. Why did Mendeleev treated the hydrides and
oxides of element as the basic properties of elements for their classification?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans. During the period when Mendeleev gave his periodic table atomic numbers
and electronic configurations were not known. Comparison of properties of
elements could be best done by comparing their compounds. He selected oxides
and hydrides because oxygen and hydrogen form compounds with most of the
elements due to their high reactivity.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Why
are the elements in the same group of the periodic table show close resemblance
in their chemical behavior?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
</span><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans: The chemical properties depend upon the
number of valence electrons of an element. The elements in the same group of
the periodic table show close resemblance in their chemical behavior as they
have same number of valence electrons.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>What
happens to atomic radii in a group and period and why?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans: Atomic radius is the distance between the centre of atom and the outermost
shell.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In a period, atomic radius generally decreases
from left to right.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In a period there is a gradual increase in the
nuclear charge. Since valence electrons are added in the same shell, they are
more and more strongly attracted towards nucleus. This gradually decreases
atomic radii.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic radii increase in a group from top to
bottom.</span><br>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">As we go down a group the number of shells
increases and valence electrons are present in higher shell and the distance of
valence electrons from nucleus increases. Also, the number of filled shells
between valence electrons and nucleus increases Both the factors decrease the
force of attraction between nucleus and valence electron. Therefore, atomic
size increases on moving down a group.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">13. Why are the ionization energy of elements
increases in a period from left to right.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The minimum amount of energy required to remove
an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state to form a gaseous ion is
called ionization energy.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The ionization energy increases in a period
from left to right. This is because the force of attraction between valence
electron and nucleus increases in a period from left to right.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">14. What do you mean by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0in;">Electron affinity: How it</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span>is vary in
group and periods in modern periodic table?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br>
Ans: The tendency of element to gain an additional electron. This ability is
measured by electron affinity. It is the energy change when an electron is
accepted by an atom in the gaseous state. Electron affinity is assigned a
positive value when energy is released during the process. Greater the value of
electron affinity, more energy is released during the process and greater is
the tendency of the atom to gain electron.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In a group, the electron affinity decrease</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> on
moving from top to bottom as less and less amount of energy is released.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In a period, the electron affinity increases
from left to right,</span><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> as more and more amount of energy is released</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: blue; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">15. What do you mean by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-weight: normal; padding: 0in;">Electro negativity?</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; border: none 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><br>
<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ans:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Electro negativity is relative
tendency of a bonded atom to attract the bond-electrons towards itself. It just
compares the tendency of various elements to attract the bond-electrons towards
themselves.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; border: none 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Electro negativity</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">decreases</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; border: none 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; border: none 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">in a group from top to bottom. Electro negativity
increases in a period from left to right. Electro negativity is related to
ionization energy. Electrons with low ionization energies have low electro
negativity because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons.
Elements with high ionization energies have high electro negativity due to the
strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><i><span style="background-color: orange; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i><span style="background-color: orange; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: white;">Check your understanding:</span></span></i></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1) What is the atomic radius of an atom?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2) What is the trend in atomic radius across a
period?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">3) The trend in atomic radius across a period
is caused by _____.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">4) What generally happens to atomic radii as
one goes down a group or a family?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Write the equation for the ionization of an
atom.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Why
inert gases have zero valency?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">7) What is ionization energy?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">8) Which group or family has the lowest
ionization energy?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">9) Group 18 or 8A, the noble gases, have the
highest ionization energy (True or False).</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">10) Elements with a high ionization energy lose
electrons easily (True or False).</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">11) The increase in ionization energy across a
period is caused by _____.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">12) Why does ionization energy generally
decrease going down a group or family?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">13) What is meant by electron shielding?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">14) What is the second ionization energy of an
atom?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">15) What is electron affinity?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">16) Write the equation for electron affinity
for an exothermic process.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">17) Write the equation for electron affinity
for an endothermic process.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">18) Which group or family gains electrons most
easily?</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">19) <u1:p></u1:p>Name two elements, other
than Gallium, whose existence was predicted by Mendeleev</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">20) How does
the electrronegetive character of elements vary along a period of the periodic table? </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<u2:p></u2:p><u2:p></u2:p><br>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-22717065330196646362015-10-19T09:42:00.001+05:302023-09-28T21:25:45.246+05:309th Structure of Atom Chemistry Solved Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;">Class 9 CBSE Test paper Solved Chapter 3: Structure of
atoms </span></div><div class="MsoTitle"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div><br></div><div class="MsoTitle">1. Q. Write the charge and mass of an electron.</div></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Particle </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Symbol </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Charge </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mass</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Electron </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">– </sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">-1.60×10</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">-19</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> C </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">9.1×10</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">-31 </sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">kg</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Q. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">List
three subatomic particles of an atom. Compare them on the basis of relative
mass and charge in a tabular form.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans: </span><br>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 10.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.15pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Euphemia, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Particle</span><span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Symbol</span><span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Charge</span><span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Euphemia, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Mass</span></span><span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.15pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Electron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e<sup>–</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-1.60×10<sup>-19</sup> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">9.1×10<sup>-31 </sup>kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.15pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Proton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">p<sup>+</sup> <sup> </sup>(H<sup>+</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.60×10<sup>-19</sup> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.672×10<sup>-27 </sup>kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.15pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Neutron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.85pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">n<sup>0</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0.00 C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Euphemia","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.674×10<sup>-27 </sup>kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></span>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.
Q. Find the number of electrons, protons and neutron possessed by the alpha
particles </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">used in the gold leaf experiment.</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans:
The number of electrons, protons and neutron are 0,2,2 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">4. Q. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Draw Bohr’s model for an atom with</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red;">(i) valency = 1, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: red;">(ii) number of orbits = 3 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: red;"> (iii) mass number =23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Also identify the element. What conclusion can be drawn about the reactivity of the element? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><br></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Ans: Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">So, The mass number is 11 + 12 = 23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">This element is metal and highly reactive</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><br></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Q. (a) You are given an element. Find out </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sPre><m:sPrePr><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:red;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sPrePr><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r>7</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r>14</m:r></span></i></m:sup><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:red'><m:r>X</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:sPre></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 3pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 13.5pt; width: 17.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Sunil\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Number of protons, electrons and neutrons in ‘X’. (ii) Valency of ‘X’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Electronic Configuration of ‘X’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">(b) If bromine atom is available in the form of, say two isotopes 35</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sPre><m:sPrePr><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:red;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sPrePr><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r>35</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r>79</m:r></span></i></m:sup><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:red'><m:r>Br</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:sPre></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 3pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 13.5pt; width: 24.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Sunil\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> (49.7%) and </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sPre><m:sPrePr><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:red;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sPrePr><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r>35</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r>81</m:r></span></i></m:sup><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:red'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:red'><m:r>Br</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:sPre></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 3pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 13.5pt; width: 24.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Sunil\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> (50.3%). Calculate the
average atomic mass of bromine atom. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN">Ans:
</span>(i) Number of protons,
electrons and neutrons in ‘X’. are 7, 7 and 7 respectively</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">(ii) Valency of ‘X’. is = 3 [NH<sub>3</sub>]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Electronic Configuration of ‘X’. = 2, 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) The average atomic mass of bromine atom = <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><m:r>79 </m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><m:r>x</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><m:r> 49.7</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><m:r>100</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 8.5pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 21pt; width: 33pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Sunil\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--> + <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:
Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><m:r>81 </m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><m:r>x</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><m:r> 50.3</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Euphemia;mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><m:r>100</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 8.5pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 21pt; width: 33pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Sunil\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--> = 80u<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Q. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) From Rutherford’s </span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">- particle
scattering experiment give the experimental evidence for deriving the
conclusion that</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Most of the space inside the atom is empty. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Whole mass of an atom is concentrated in its centre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) The nucleus of an atom is positively charged. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) An element has mass number 31 and atomic number 15 find : <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) the number of neutrons in the element, and <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) the number of electrons in the outermost shell.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">(a)</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN">(i) Most of the alpha
particles passed through gold foil with getting deflected.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Very few particles
were deflected from their path by 180<sup>0 </sup>indicating that whole mass of
the atom is present in its centre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Few particles deflected at small and large angle from their
path indicating that centre is positively charged<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN">(b) </span>(i) the
number of neutrons in the element = 31-15 = 16 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Electronic configuration 2,8,5 then the number of electrons in the outermost
shell. = 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Q. </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Give reasons: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(a) Mass number of an atom excludes the mass of an electron.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Nucleus of an atom is charged. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(c) Alpha particle scattering experiment was possible
by using gold foil only and not by foil of any other metal. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: (a) Mass number is the sum of the number of proton
and neutron present in nucleus of atom therefore Mass number of an atom
excludes the mass of an electron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Nucleus of an atom is charged as they contain
positively charged proton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(c) This is because because gold has high
malleability and can be hammered easily into thin sheet. `<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">8. Q. Laws of conservation of mass is not fully
applicable for:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(a)Precipitation reaction </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Redox reaction <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(c) Nuclear reaction </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(d)
Displacement reaction <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: </span>(c) Nuclear reaction </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9. Q. (a) Define the following terms with one example each. (i)
Isotope (ii) Isobar <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Name the elements whose isotopes are used in: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Nuclear Reactor (ii) treatment of cancer. (iii)
Treatment of cancer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans:(a) Isotopes
are defined as the atoms of the same element, having the same atomic number but
different mass numbers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For example, hydrogen atom, it has three atomic
species, namely Protium, deuterium and tritium. The atomic number of each one
is 1, but the mass number is 1, 2 and 3, respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Other such examples are carbon, C<sub>12,</sub> C<sub>14</sub>
and C<sub>16</sub> where as chlorine, C<sub>35</sub> and Cl<sub>37</sub><br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Isobars. Atoms of different elements with different
atomic numbers, which have the same mass number, are known as isobars. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For
example calcium, atomic number 20, and argon, atomic number 18 but the mass
number of both these elements is 40.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) (i)An isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in
nuclear reactors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) An isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of
cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of
goitre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10.Q. (a) How many electrons are present in the valence shell of
nitrogen, oxygen and argon ? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Nucleus of an atom has 5 protons and 6 neutrons.
What is the atomic number, mass number and electronic configuration of the atom?
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: (a) 5, 6 8 <span lang="EN-IN">electrons
are present in the valence shell of nitrogen, oxygen and argon respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN">(b)
</span>Nucleus of an atom has 5
protons and 6 neutrons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The atomic number = no of proton = 5, mass number = p +
n = 5 + 6 = 11 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This represents the element Boron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Electronic configuration of the atom of Boron = 2,3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">11.Q. State the problem of atomic structure which was
solved after the discovery of neutron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: when the neutron was not discovered, many scientists found
that the atomic mass of many atoms was found to be double or more than double
the mass of total number of protons (as the mass of electron was so small that
it was assumed to be negligible), so by the discovery of neutron led to the
solution of this problem. For e.g. the mass of Carbon 12 atom is 12 u but the
no. of protons were 6 so it becomes 6u.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source : </span><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/" style="line-height: 150%;">http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/</a><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><br>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Also usefull to you: </span><a href="http://cbseadda.blogspot.in/2012/12/question-bank-chapter-structure-of-atom.html" target="_blank">QUESTION BANK: Chapter: Structure of an Atom</a></span></div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-29685156097316321972014-07-26T21:43:00.002+05:302014-07-26T22:08:05.038+05:30IX Chapter: Improvement in food resources Notes for Quick study<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #0033cc; font-family: inherit;">Contents :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #0033cc; font-family: inherit;">Learning
Objectives <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">1. Animal husbandry – management of
animal livestock, its need.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">2. Cattle farming – milch animals,
draught animals, Exotic breeds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">3. Animal husbandry (continued)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">4. Poultry farming – improves and
enhances egg production and chicken meat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">5. Fish production – It is cheap
source of protein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Marine fisheries (ii) Inland
fisheries<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">6. Bee keeping – source of honey and
wax</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">The students will understand: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">1. Need for the management of
livestock. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">2. Need and ways of improving production
of poultry, fish and honey. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">Key Term <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;">Breed, livestock, Poultry, fisheries,
pasturage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>KEY CONCEPTS : [ *rating as per the significance of
concept] CONCEPTS </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>RATING </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Improvement in
crop yield </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Crop variety
improvement </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>**** </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Crop production
management </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>***** </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Crop protection
management </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>*** </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Animal Husbandry </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>**** </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. <b>Food
Resources</b></span>: Cereals (Wheat,
rice, maize, millets and sorghum) provide us carbohydrates; Pulses (Grams, pea
and lentil) provide us proteins; Oil seeds (Soya bean, ground nut, sesame, and
castor) provide us fats; Vegetables, spices and fruits provide us a range of
minerals, nucleic acids and vitamins. In addition to these food crops, fodder
crops like berseem, oats or sudan
grass are raised as food for the livestock are called as fodder crops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. The <b>Kharif crops:</b></span><b> </b>The crops grown in rainy season are called as Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya bean, pigeon pea
and maize). They are grown from June to October. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. The <b>Rabi crops: </b></span>The crops grown in winter season are called <b>Rabi crops </b>(Wheat, gram, peas,
and mustard). They are grown November to April.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Compare <b>Kharif crops and Rabi crops:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">SN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Crop <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Season
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Example
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kharif crops </span></b><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">June to October (
Rainy Season) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Paddy, Soya bean, and maize <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rabi crops </span></b><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">November to April (
winter season) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Wheat, gram, peas,
and mustard <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4. <b>The
Green Revolution</b>:</span> Food
supplies are generally as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, nucleic
acids and vitamins in all living organisms. Indian population is growing
enormously. Green Revolution is the need of the hour to increase food-grain
production.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #0033cc;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #0033cc;">5. Sustainable
Practices:</span><span lang="EN-IN"> For sustained livelihood, one should
undertake mixed farming, intercropping, and integrated farming practices, for
example, combining agriculture with livestock/ poultry/ fisheries/bee-keeping.
The major group of activities for improving crop yield can be classified as:
Crop varietal improvement, Crop production improvement, Crop protection
improvement</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #0033cc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">6. The Crop varietal
improvement:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a) Hybridization: It refers to crossing
between genetically dissimilar plants;It is all to get higher yield, improved
quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change in maturity duration, wider
adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">SN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Type <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Context
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Intervarietal
Hybridization <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">between different
varieties <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Interspecific
Hybridization <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">between different
species <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Intergeneric
Hybridization <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">between different
genera <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Genetically
Modified Crops (GMC). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Another way of
improving the crop is by introducing a gene that would provide the desired
characteristic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7. The Crop production improvement:</span><b> </b>They include” <b>no cost production”,” low cost production” or “high
cost production” </b>practices. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a) Nutrients </span><b>( </b>Sixteen elements are required for growth are called as essential elements
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen+ Macronutrients & Micronutrients. They increase
the yield):<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 738px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 1.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; height: 1.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">SN <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 1.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 254.75pt;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Macronutrient
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 1.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 254.75pt;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Micronutrient
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; height: 3.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 3.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 254.75pt;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Six
elements are required in larger quantity <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 3.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 254.75pt;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Other seven elements
are required in small quantity <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 4.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 4.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 254.75pt;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ex.Nitrogen,
phosphorus, calsium,Postasium, magnisium, sulphur <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 4.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 254.75pt;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ex. Iron, manganese,
boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b)Manure & Fertilizers:</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #0033cc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 5.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">SN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Manure <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 258.45pt;" valign="top" width="345"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Fertilizers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 50.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; height: 50.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 50.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Manure is prepared
by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste is called as Humus. It
decides the texture of the soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Compost: Farm waste,
cow dung etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Vermi compost:
Compost prepared by using earthworms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 50.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 258.45pt;" valign="top" width="345"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Fertilizers are
commercially produced plant nutrients. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Excess fertilizers
destroy the soil fertility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Organic farming: No
use of chemicals fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.( Culturing blue
green algae, neem leaves, healthy cropping systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is cheap and
prepared in rural homes and fields <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 258.45pt;" valign="top" width="345"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is costly and is
prepared in factories <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is voluminous and
bulky <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 258.45pt;" valign="top" width="345"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is compact and
concentrated <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is inconvenient
to store, transport, handle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 258.45pt;" valign="top" width="345"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is easy to store,
transport, handle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is not nutrient
specific. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 258.45pt;" valign="top" width="345"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is nuteient
specific and can provide specifically nitrogen, phosphorus etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 260.15pt;" valign="top" width="347"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Add great humus
to the soil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; height: 5.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 260.2pt;" valign="top" width="347"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. Does not add
humus to the soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]-->
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="43"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="304"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="2"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="345"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 8.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0033cc; font-size: 11.5pt;">3. <b>Irrigation:</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">India has variety of water resources: Wells, canals,
river lift system, tanks, rainwater harvesting, water shedding management to
increase in ground water levels and to check the water flowing away to the sea.
Planning to reduce soil erosion. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: #0033cc; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #0033cc; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Cropping patterns: <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #0033cc; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 5.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; height: 5.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">SN <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 5.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mixed cropping <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 5.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Inter-cropping <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 5.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.7pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Crop rotation <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Two or more crops grown
simultaneously on the same piece of land <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Two or more crops grown
simultaneously on the same piece of land in a definite pattern <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 23.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.7pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Growing different crops on a
piece of land in a pre-planned succession <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 30.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ex. Wheat+ Gram; Wheat+
Mustard; Wheat+ gram; Groundnut+ sunflower. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Soyabean + maize/bajra+Cowpea
((Please refer Fig. 15.2, NCERT Text Book Page- 208). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.7pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Two or three crops can be
grown in a year depending upon the duration. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 64.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 64.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 64.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A type of insurance
against failure of one of the crops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 64.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A few rows of one
crop alternate with a few rows of a second crop. Crops are selected such that
their nutrient requirements are different. This ensures the maximum utilization
of the nutrients supplied and prevents pests and diseases spreading in the
crop field. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 64.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The availability of
moisture and irrigation facilities decides the choice of the crop to be
cultivated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">8. Crop protection improvement/ management:</span>
Field crops are infested by large number of weeds, insects pests, diseases
& storage of grains</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 715px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 8.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.0pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">SN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Content <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.5pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Cattle farming <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Poultry farming <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Fish farming <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Bee Keeping. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.0pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Purpose <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.5pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Milk (milch animals)
and <span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">draught
labor (draught animals) in agriculture.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Meat, chicken, egg <span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">production</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Cheep source of
animal protein. <span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Fish production is aquaculture. Growing of marine fishes is called
mariculture.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 8.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey, wax, medicinal <span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">preparations.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Additional
income to the farmer.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 57.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 57.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 57.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cross breeding: To get
desired qualities <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 57.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Exotic- quality of lactation <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indigenous breeds- quality of
disease resistance <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 57.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Exotic & <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indigenous breeds <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 57.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Both Exotic & <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indigenous fishes are used <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 57.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Exotic- high honey collection
capacity &stingless. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indigenous bees- are used <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 101.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 101.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Desirable maintenance <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Good ventilation in sheds <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Roughage/ concentrates <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Protection from parasites
& skin diseases <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vaccination <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Good ventilation in sheds <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Roughage/ concentrates <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Protection from parasites
& skin diseases <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vaccination <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fish farming/ locating large
schools of fish/ use of satellites and echo-sounds <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In Composite fish culture
seed is wild, mixed with other species. Hormonal stimulation to bring desired
quality in fish production. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Value or quality depends upon
the pasturage or the flowers available for the taste of honey. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 71.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 71.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 71.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Example <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 71.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Exotic or foreign breeds (
Jercy, brown Swiss) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Local breeds (Red sindhi,
Sahiwal) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 71.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Exotic- Leghorn <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indigenous breeds- Aseel <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 71.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fresh water ( Macrobrachium)
& Marine( Peneaus) prawns <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fresh water fishes <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Marine fishes( Bombay duck,
sardines) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Common <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 71.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Apisceranaindica <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">dorsata <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A.florae <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #3366ff; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IX- Improvement in Food Res Solved Questions</span><br />
<a href="http://cbseadda.blogspot.in/2012/06/ix-biology-improvement-in-food.html" style="background-color: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 102) !important; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="">Download </a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #3366ff; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IX- Imp. Food Resources:Revision assignment</span><br />
<a href="http://cbseadda.blogspot.in/2012/06/9th-biology-topic-improvement-in-food.html" style="background-color: white; color: rgb(0, 0, 102) !important; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="">Download </a><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IX- Food Resources Quick revision notes by KV</span><br style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="http://chemistryadda.blogspot.in/2014/07/ix-chapter-improvement-in-food.html" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102) !important; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Download</a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IX- </span>Formative Assessment-II IX Biology - Improvement in Food Resources</span><br />
<a href="http://cbseadda.blogspot.in/2014/07/ix-cbse-formative-assessment-ii-ix.html" target="_blank">Download</a></div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-78101904168405889882014-06-18T13:02:00.000+05:302015-07-16T21:52:04.899+05:30Ch.07 - Control and Coordination class 10 Trendsetter CBSE Test paper-03<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">VERY
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH6p48UbkTDf8C_7J9Nu0d7BQpeFj0nh1ZLuP9MOXqAAVVdvmXB2Z0ZppJ9S4hTeCEf3FRJFNdQGjFvvy1ke9eCjEx8N8TpD_bw6uYrCyGlGAfsWxMiKST-f5U_mkNF-iloN43hYuCvuM/s1600/test+paper2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH6p48UbkTDf8C_7J9Nu0d7BQpeFj0nh1ZLuP9MOXqAAVVdvmXB2Z0ZppJ9S4hTeCEf3FRJFNdQGjFvvy1ke9eCjEx8N8TpD_bw6uYrCyGlGAfsWxMiKST-f5U_mkNF-iloN43hYuCvuM/s320/test+paper2.png" width="320" /></span></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">1. Mention one example of
chemotropism. [2010 (T-I)]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></div>
Answer: Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">2. Mention the function of hind brain
in humans. [2010 (T-I)]</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Answer:</span></span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Hind brain </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">controls all involuntary actions including bloood pressure, salivation and vomitting. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">3. Name and explain the function of
the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in humans.[2010 (T-I)]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Answer: The pituitary gland secrete Growth hormone that Controls the overall growth of the body, muscles and bones.<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">4. State the main function of abscisic
acid in plants.[2010 (T-I)]</span></div>
Answer: Abscisic acid in plant inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves<br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">5. Name the hormone the
secretion of which is responsible for dramatic change in appearance in girls
when they approach 10-12 years of age. [2008]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
Answer: The ovary in females produces the hormone oestrogen which controls the production of eggs and changes during puberty.<br />
<b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Mark)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">6. What are the end
products formed during fermentation in yeast. Under what condition a similar
process takes place in our body that leads to muscle cramps? [2010 (T-I)]</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
Ans: Yeast breakdown glucose (food) into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide and release energy during fermentation.<br />
Under anaerobic (no oxygen) a similar process takes place in our body that leads to muscle cramps</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">7. Differentiate between
tropic and nastic movements in plants. Give one example of each. [2009]</span><br />
<br />
Ans: Nastic movements are non directional responses to stimuli such as temperature and heat. These are kind of movements do not depend on direction of stimulus such as seismonastic, chemonastic, etc. Example of seismonastic movement is movement of Venus fly trap.<br />
<br />
Tropic movement is the response to stimuli that comes from one direction. It is a directional movement. If the movement of the plant part is towards the stimulus, then it is known as positive tropism. If the movement of the plant part is away from the stimulus, then it is known as negative tropism. For example phototropism, Geotropism etc.<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">8. Draw the diagram of a
nerve cell and label the following on it: [2009] </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(a) Nucleus (b) Dendrites</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU72ZLW28Tp50lWVpj06C5tMj26SQx41tYQvRFjAFgY8hcXd3d0J6suFmsc1tVFwbCM74ocOlt-flBFCLBbfhsFv38VDZYloWhmw-ejfSImHg_fO1nACE_g_3r296le8bq9LzC72zyNMA/s1600/neuron.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU72ZLW28Tp50lWVpj06C5tMj26SQx41tYQvRFjAFgY8hcXd3d0J6suFmsc1tVFwbCM74ocOlt-flBFCLBbfhsFv38VDZYloWhmw-ejfSImHg_fO1nACE_g_3r296le8bq9LzC72zyNMA/s400/neuron.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">9. Write the name and the
functions of any two parts of the hind brain.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
Ans Hind brain :- consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla. <br />
Cerebellum :- controls body movements, balance and posture.<br />
Pons :- controls respiration.<br />
Medulla :- controls heart beat, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting etc.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">10. How does
our body maintain blood sugar level? [2010
(T-I)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ans <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The pancreas produces the hormone
insulin which controls the blood sugar level. Increase in blood sugar level
causes diabetes. A diabetic patient has to take insulin injections to control
his blood sugar level.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: red;">SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">11. A compound of iodine is
compulsorily added to common salt in small quantity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(a) Why is it important for
us to have iodised salt in our diet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(b) Name the disease caused
by its deficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(c) Write our symptoms of
the disease. [2010 (T-I)]</span><br />
Ans: (a) It is important to have iodized salt in our diet because iodine is required for the synthesis of a hormone called thyroxin. Thyroxin is a very important hormone required metabolism, growth and development of body and brain. Iodine deficiency can result in various disorders like goitre, so it is necessary to consume iodized salt.<br />
(b)Goitor is caused by its deficiency<br />
(c) The neck of person appear to be swellen<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">12. What is reflex action?
Describe the steps involved in reflex action. [2009]</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
Ans: Reflex Action is defined as an unconscious, automatic and involuntary response of efforts, i.e., muscles and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord.<br />
<br />
Mechanism of Reflex Action: It involves the following steps:<br />
(i)Receptor organ like skin perceives the stimulus and activates a sensory nerve impulse.<br />
(ii)Sensory organ carries message in the form of sensory impulse to the spinal cord.<br />
(iii)The spinal cord acts as modulator. The neurons of spinal cord transmit the sensory nerve impulse to motor neuron.<br />
(iv) Motor nerve conducts these impulses to the effectors like leg muscles which responds by pulling back the organ away from the harmful stimulus.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">13. What is ‘hydrotropism’?
Describe an experiment to demonstrate ‘hydrotropism’? [2009]<o:p></o:p></span><br />
Ans: The growth of the root of plant in response to water or moisture<br />
<br />
Experiment:<br />
1. Take two plastic troughs say A and B<br />
2. Fill each one of them with two-thirds of soil<br />
3. Place the seedling in the soil in trough A<br />
4 Place the similar seedling in trough B, place a small clay pot inside the soil.<br />
5. Water the soil in the trough A daily and uniformly<br />
6. Do not water the soil in trough B, but put some water in the clay pot placed in the soil.<br />
7. Leave both the troughs for a few days. On examining the roots later, it will be found that the root in trough B has bent towards the clay pot that is source of water. Roots in trough A grew normally straight. Thus roots show the hydrotropism.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">14. What is ‘phototropism’?
How does it occur in plants? Describe an activity to demonstrate phototropism.
[2009]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
Ans: The growth movements in plants in response to light as stimulus is said to be phototropism<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="padding: 0.3em 0px;">
Activity: To demonstrate phototropism in plants.<br />
Requirements: A potted plant,<br />
Procedure: Take a potted plant and keep it in the sunlight in a horizontal position and observe the growth of roots and shoots.<br />
Observation: The shoots of the plant grow towards sunlight and roots away from sunlight<br />
Conclusion: Roots are negatively phototropic and shoots are positively phototropic<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">15. What are ‘hormones’? State one function of each of the following hormones: [2009]</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">(i) Thyroxin (ii) Insulin</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
Ans: Thyroxin (secreted by thyroid gland)<br />
<br />
The hormone called thyroxin helps in coordinated growth. It regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in our body. The deficiency of this hormone results in the enlargement of the thyroid gland or goitre.<br />
Growth hormone (GH) (secreted by the pituitary gland)<br />
Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the growth and development of the human body. The secretion of this hormone should be properly maintained in the body. Over secretion of this hormone results in abnormal growth of the body known as gigantism. On the other hand, its low secretion results in dwarfism.<br />
Insulin (secreted by pancreas)<br />
The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin, which regulates the blood sugar level in the human body.<br />
It increases the permeability of the cell membrane for glucose and accelerates the passage of glucose into the cells from the bloodstream.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">16. (a) Name two hormones
secreted by pancreas. Write one function of each hormone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(b) How does our body
respond when alternative is secreted into the blood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">(c) Write an example to
explain feedback mechanism for regulation of hormonal secretion. [2010 (T-I)]</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<br /></div>
Ans: (a) Two hormones secreted by pancreas are insulin and glucagon.<br />
<br />
Both regulate the levels of glucose in our body.Glucagon helps in elevating the amount of glucose in the blood while insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood stream.<br />
<br />
(b) When someone is in danger or in emergency then adrenal gland secrete adrenaline hormone. It is secreted directly into the blood and is transported to different parts of the body. It speeds up the heartbeat and hence supplies more oxygen to the muscles. This results in increasing breathing rate and blood pressure which enable them to fight with such urgent situation.<br />
<br />
(c) Feedback means that some element in the physiological response to a hormone feeds back to the endocrine gland either directly or indirectly and affects its secretion rate. The feedback may be negative or positive.<br />
<br />
For example insulin regulates the amount of blood glucose. When the level of blood glucose is high, insulin secretion is turned on by the pancreas which acts on target tissues like liver to convert excess sugar into glycogen. When the blood glucose concentration is normal the insulin secretion is stopped.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 261.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-IN">Chemical Co-ordination in plants </span>VALUE BASED QUESTION </span></span></div>
<br />
<i>1. A young boy met an accident while riding a bike. Petrolling police found the boy and brought him to a hospital for treatment. After the accident, the boy lost his memory completely. Left side of his body also suffered from paralysis. </i><br />
a) What values were shown by police persons? <br />
<br />
b) Which injured body part can cause paralysis? <br />
<br />
c) What precaution should one take while riding a two-wheeler? <br />
<br />
<i>2. Mr. Bora has a habit to iron his shirt every morning before going to office. One morning he forgot to keep the hot iron in proper place and left for office. His two year old daughter touched the iron and her hand got burnt. Mrs. Bora immediately put the hand of her daughter under a running tap as a first aid. </i><br />
<br />
a) What value was shown by Mrs. Bora? <br />
<br />
b) How do we react when we touch a hot object? <br />
<br />
c) What other materials commonly cause burn injury?<br />
<div>
<br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;"><b style="background-color: red;">Solution</b></span><br />
<div>
<a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/study-zone/ch-07-control-and-coordination-class-10-trend-setter-solved-cbse-test-paper-03" target="_blank">Control and Coordination class 10 Trendsetter solved CBSE Test paper-03</a><br />
<a href="http://cbseadda.blogspot.in/2014/06/10th-control-and-co-ordination-solved.html" target="_blank"><br />Ch. 7 - Control and Coordination class 10 Trendsetter solved CBSE Test paper-01</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://ch.%207%20-%20control%20and%20coordination%20class%2010%20trendsetter%20solved%20cbse%20test%20paper-02/" target="_blank">Ch. 7 - Control and Coordination class 10 Trendsetter solved CBSE Test paper-02</a></div>
</div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-40286222179317274972014-05-01T12:32:00.000+05:302014-05-01T13:34:06.185+05:308th Synthetic fiber and plastic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEF7BDpouYuk6-gR1Z6Ue1Ymm2htEYqL9y9m7blCMfRXK90xYgsn-6Gokmjo0OOLVDkF5e6Y7YHExGzGYQNWbC9Z8w4cQe-naPMsbJfNBmDpqZ42tbR9nbbwhRBHPqLs10tzCyp26di4/s1600/synthetic+material.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEF7BDpouYuk6-gR1Z6Ue1Ymm2htEYqL9y9m7blCMfRXK90xYgsn-6Gokmjo0OOLVDkF5e6Y7YHExGzGYQNWbC9Z8w4cQe-naPMsbJfNBmDpqZ42tbR9nbbwhRBHPqLs10tzCyp26di4/s1600/synthetic+material.png" height="53" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Q. Why do we wear clothes?</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: We wear clothes for protection against climate and to look smart. Fabric is the material that is used to make clothing or household articles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Q. Of what material fabrics are made of?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: Fabrics are made up of smaller threads or hair like structure. single hair like structure is called a fibre. Short fibres are called Staple fibre . Long fibers are called Filament fibre</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Q. What is natural fibre?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: Fibers obtained from natural sources like plants and animals is called natural fibre. e.g. cotton, Jute, silk, wool, etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i)Vegetable Fibres: fibres which are obtained from different plants are called Vegetable Fibres. For example Cotton is obtained from seed of the plant, jute is obtained from the stem of a plant and coir is the outer covering of coconut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Animal Fibres: fibres which are obtained from different animal sources is called a Animal Fibres eg sheep goat, rabbits ,camels and silk worm..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Q. What are man-made fibers?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: Fibres that are obtained from chemical substance are called manmade fibres. E.g. rayon, polyester, nylon, acrylic (cashmilon) etc.<span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span>The first man-made fibre is known as rayon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Q. State whether the following are true or false and correct the false statements:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Fibre is the basic unit of all fabrics. (T) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (ii) Filament are short fibres.(F)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Jute is the outer covering of coconut.(F) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iv) Silk is prepared from the stem of a plant.(F)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(v) Polyester is a staple fibre. (F)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Q. How you distinguish natural fibre and synthetic fibre?</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ans
: BURNING TEST<b> </b> helps to identify fibers.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COTTON
AND RAYON</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.75pt;" valign="top" width="230"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catches
fire easily</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.55pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">burn
with a bright yellow flame</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ash</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SILK
AND WOOL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.75pt;" valign="top" width="230"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Does
not catch fire easily</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.55pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do
not burn with a bright yellow flame</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Black
crushable bead</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NYLON,
ACRYLIC</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.75pt;" valign="top" width="230"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Does
not catch fire . melts flame Shrinks away from No definite smell
Hard,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.55pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shrinks
away from flame. Burns with</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.25pt;" valign="top" width="88"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Q.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"> How yarn is made?</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Ans: </span>A yarns is a continuous strand made up of a number of fibers which are twisted together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The process of making yarns from fibres is called <i>spinning. </i>Here the fibres are not only twisted but also pulled out or drawn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Spinning can be done by using a takli (spindle), a charkha or a spinning machine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;">Q. State whether the following are true or false:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Yarn is made of a number of fibres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Staple fibres are used to make a yarn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Spinning is a process of making fibres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(iv) Spinning increases the strength of yarns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(v) Twisting increases the strength of the yarns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(vi) Smoothness of a yarn depends on the twisting of the fibres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(vii) Blends are made from different fibres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;">Q. Define weaving?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: Weaving is the process of interlacing two sets of yarns at right angles to each other to make a fabric.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Weaving is done on <i>looms</i>. Hand operated looms are called handlooms and power operated ones are called power looms.<span style="line-height: 18px;"> Knitting is interlooping of one or more set of yarns</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: magenta;"><span style="color: white;">More help on : Synthetic Fibre And Plastics</span></span><br />
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-89225072945923790902014-01-16T20:50:00.000+05:302014-01-16T23:19:50.971+05:30Download CBSE Class IX and X Science Sample Question Paper for Term II (SA2)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9<sup>th</sup> SA-2 Solved Practice paper [Physics and Chem</span></b></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">istry] 2014</span></b></span></b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Name the anion and cation which constitute the molecule of magnesium
oxide [1]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. A cube of side 5cm is
immersed in water and then in saturated salt solution. In which case will it
experience a greater buoyant force. If each side of the cube is reduced to
4cm and then immersed in water compare the force experienced by the cube, as
compared to the first case. Give reasons for each case. 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5658836504857763582" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. The kinetic energy of
an object of mass `m’ moving with a velocity of 5ms-1 is 25J. Calculate its
kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled. 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. The percentage of
three elements calcium, carbon and oxygen in a sample of calcium carbonate is
given as : [3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Calcium =40% ; Carbon
=12.0% ; Oxygen = 48% <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">If the law of constant
proportion is true, what weights of these elements will be present in 1.5 g
of another sample of calcium. Carbonate ? (Atomic mass of Ca = 40 <i>u</i>, C
= 12 <i>u</i>, O = 16 <i>u</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. The description of atomic particles of two
elements X and Y is given below[3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.3pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">X <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.3pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">neutrons <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.3pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">electrons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.3pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(i) What is the atomic
number of Y?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(ii) What is the mass
number of X?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(iii) What is the
relation between X and Y?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(iv) Which
element/elements do they represent?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(v) Write the electronic
configuration of X?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(vi) Write the
cation/anion formed by the element<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Which of the
following are isotopes and which are isobars? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Argon, Protium, Calcium,
Deuterium. Explain why the isotopes have similar chemical properties but they
differ in physical properties? [3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">7.What do you mean by
buoyancy? Why does an object float or sink when placed on the surface of
water?[3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8. When is the work done
by a force said to be negative? Give one situation in which one of the forces
acting on the object is doing positive work and the other is doing negative
work. [3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Define one Joule of
work. Calculate the work done in lifting a box weighting 150 kg through a
vertical height of 7 meters (take g=10 ms</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">2) [3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10. A construction
worker’s helmet slips and falls when he is 78.4 m above the ground. He hears
the sound of the helmet hitting the ground 4.23 seconds after it slipped.
Find the speed of sound on air. [3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">11. Answer these questions[5]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(i) Define mole<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(ii) How is it related
to Avogadro constant, relative mass and molecular mass?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(iii) What is the number
of molecules in 0.25 moles of oxygen ? Avogadro’s no. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">= 6 .22 x10<sup>23</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">OR </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(i) Define atomicity <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(ii) Give an example
each of a polyatomic element and a polyatomic ion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(iii) How many atoms are
present in CaC<i>l</i>2 molecule and ion? SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(iv) Write down the
formulae of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(a) sodium carbonate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(b) Ammonium chloride <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(c) Zinc oxide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(d) Aluminium hydroxide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">12. (i) An object thrown
at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the
ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the
same horizontal line. What is the total work done against the force of gravity
and by the force of gravity on the object? Explain with proper mathematical
expressions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(ii) Certain force
acting on 20kg mass changes its velocity from 5ms-1 to 2ms-1 calculates the
work done by the force. [5]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">OR,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(i) Define kinetic
energy. Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of an object. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 462.15pt;" valign="top" width="616"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(ii) The power of a
motor pump is 5kW. How much water per minute the pump can raise to height of
20m? Take g=10ms<sup>-2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<br />
Solution:<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: background1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid white; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: background1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid white; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 641px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.0pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnesium oxide – MgO <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anion – O-2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cation – Mg+2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 52.8pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 52.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">We know buyant force =
V.P g <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V = Volume of body <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P = density of liquid <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g = acceleration <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since density of
saturated salt solutions is more than water the cube will experience greater
upthrust. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In second case as volume
of cube is less then first so in 2nd case it will experience less upthrust <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.1pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Initial K.E = 25J <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since K.E</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">½ mv2 D as velocity doubles K.S
becomes 4 times <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">K.E </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">x</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">25</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">100J <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.1pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua\,Bold";">4</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Mass of calcium in 1.5 g of sample = 40 x [1.5/100] =</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">9.6 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Mass of carbon in 1.5 g of sample = 12x [1.5/100] =</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">0.18 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">Mass of oxygen in 1.5 g of sample = 48x[1.5/100] =</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">0.72 g</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua\,Bold";">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua\,Bold";">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua\,Bold";">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .65in; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: .65in; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .65in; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) Atomic number of y –
8 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) Mass number of x –
16 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) x and y are
isotopes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iv) x and y represent –
oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(v) <sup>16</sup><sub>8</sub>O
- 2, 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(vi) It will form an
anion – O</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-</span></sup><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .65in; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 39.3pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isotopes – Protium,
Diuterium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isobars – Argon and
calcium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since isotopes have
identical electronic configuration containing same number of valence
electrons they have similar chemical properties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since the masses are
slightly different the physical properties (density, melting pt, boiling pt,
etc) are different <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When a body is immersed
in a fluid, it experiences an upward force. This upward force is the force of
buoyancy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Forces acting an the
body inside water are buoyant force weight of body and if the buoyant force
is greater than the gravitational force it floats, otherwise it sinks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 39.3pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negative work – When the
force is acting opposite to the direction of the displacement, the work done
by the force is taken as negative. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When we lift an object
two forces act on the object. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muscular force – Doing
positive work in the direction of the displacement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gravitational force –
doing negative work opposite to the direction of the displacement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 53.4pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 53.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One Joule is the amount
of work done on an object when a force of 1N displaces it by 1 m along the
line of action of force <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m = 150kg ; G = 10m/s<sup>2 </sup> ;<sup>
</sup>h = 7m <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P.E = mgh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P.E = 150 x 10 x7 =
10500J <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 61.0pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 61.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 61.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">We know, h = ut + 1/2 gt<sup>2</sup>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">u </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">0, h </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">78.4, g </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">using these <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">t<sup>2</sup> = 16 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
t = 4 s <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">time taken by the helmet reach the ground = 4 s <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
time taken by sound to reach the height </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">4.23 – 4 </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">0.23s <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">Speed
of sound = 78.4 /0.23 = 340.87 m/s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 61.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 46.65pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 46.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) Mole – one mole of
any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles) is that quantity in number
having a mass equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) 1 mole = 6.022 x
1023 in number – Relative mass in g. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) 1 mole of oxygen
contain 6.022 x 1023 molecules <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.25 mole of oxygen
contain 6.022 x1023 x 0.25 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 1.505 x 1023 molecules
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 60.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 12.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 60.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OR </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 361.25pt;" valign="top" width="482"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) Atomicity – Number
of atoms constituting a molecule <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) Polyatomic element
– sulphur <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polyatomic ion – NH4</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">, OH</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup>
(any one) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">(iii) Cac<i>l</i>2 – atomicity – 3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">SO4-2 – atomicity - 5 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">(iv) (a) Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">(b) NH4C<i>l </i>Ammonium chloride <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">(c) ZnO zinc oxide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">(d) A<i>l</i>(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.6pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½+½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½+½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½+½+ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½+½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="16"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 61.65pt; mso-row-margin-right: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 61.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 61.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 409.05pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) Work done </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">mgh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">Difference in height of initial and final position is
zero. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">Work done </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">mg ( h2 </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">h1) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
= mg(o) = O <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">(ii) Work done </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">= </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">change in K.E <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">Work done = 1/2 m
(v<sub>1</sub><sup>2 </sup>– v<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup>) = ½ x 20(5<sup>2 </sup> <sup>- </sup>2<sup>2</sup>) = 210 J <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 61.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.45pt; mso-row-margin-right: 36.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 5.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 444.65pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OR </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-cell-special: placeholder;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 55.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 55.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 444.65pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) Energy posesed by a
body by virtue of motion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">F = ma <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">W </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">F.S </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">mas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">But u<sup>2</sup> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">v<sup>2</sup> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">2as </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"> as </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">½ (v2-u2) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">w = energy </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">
S = v<sup>2</sup>/2a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">m. a x x v<sup>2</sup> x 2a = 1/2mv<sup>2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 55.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.05pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 8.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 444.65pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) Energy = power x
time </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">=
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">5kw </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">x </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">1 min = 3 x 10<sup>5</sup> J <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">mgh = E /gh = (3
x 10<sup>5</sup>)/ 10x 20 = 1.5 x 10<sup>3</sup>
kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";">volume of water
= mass/ density = (1.5 x 10<sup>3</sup>
)/10<sup>3</sup> = </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5 m3 </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "UniversalMath1 BT";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.05pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">½ </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 8.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 448.3pt;" valign="top" width="598"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:362.25pt;height:255pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Sunil\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.emz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.4pt; mso-row-margin-right: 22.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 36.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 425.75pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eardrum moves inwards
when compression reaches it and moves outwards when rarefaction reaches it
thus the ear drum vibrates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) Audible rang 20Hz
to 20,000 Hz<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67.5pt; mso-row-margin-right: 22.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 67.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 67.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 425.75pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ceiling and walls are
made curved so that sound after reflection reaches the target audience. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) Reflection <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The sound goes to the
obstacle and reaches back the ear of the listeners on reflection after 0.1s.
If speed of sound in air is 344 m/s <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">then the minimum
distance of obstacle from the source of sound must be 17.2 cm <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) Repeated
reflection of sound that results in persistence of sound- Reverberation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sound is blurred,
distorted, confusing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sound absorbent material
on roof, walls, seats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-32192243255181569522014-01-16T20:20:00.003+05:302014-01-16T20:35:47.742+05:30CBSE Sample Question Papers and Marking Scheme March 2014 – 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://cbse.gov.in/curric~1/qp2012/qp2012.htm"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Previous
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[cbse.gov.in/curric~1/qp2012/qp2012.htm</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">] Previous Year Question
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2010 - 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
[http://www.cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp2011/qp2011.htm</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">] </span><a href="http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp2011/MS_Class-X%20-%202011-Booka.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sample Question Papers and Marking Scheme for
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-24009765060234980242014-01-16T20:11:00.000+05:302014-01-16T20:44:24.220+05:30CBSE BOARD EXAM 2014 Model sample Paper Solved Science (Physics and chemistry)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>CBSE BOARD EXAM 2014 Model
sample Paper Solved Science (Physics & chemistry) Term-II</b></span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.
Give the molecular formula and IUPAC name of a carboxylic acid used as a
preservative.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5IX9Y7wAGGJ4_kMHD5efQO2Qam7gymJT4yAr8didg7JXyfxNlSLQftez04besnjEsbVlukE3Uxb-4MyzMxe5eJufaw2HpA_r_KMa5RJRLLu085BPkg53hJ2iFWGD7RXJENiLUVJi2bdk/s1600/cbse+logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5IX9Y7wAGGJ4_kMHD5efQO2Qam7gymJT4yAr8didg7JXyfxNlSLQftez04besnjEsbVlukE3Uxb-4MyzMxe5eJufaw2HpA_r_KMa5RJRLLu085BPkg53hJ2iFWGD7RXJENiLUVJi2bdk/s1600/cbse+logo.jpg" /></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
Ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">2.
The ciliary muscles of a normal eye are in their : (i) most relaxed (ii) Most
contracted state. In which of the two cases is the focal length of the eye lens
more?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
The focal length of eye lens is more when the ciliary muscles of a normal eye
are in their most relaxed state</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br /></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">3.
(a) Lithium, sodium, potassium are all metals that react with water to liberate
hydrogen gas. Is there any similarity in the atoms of these elements? If yes,
write the similarity.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) Yes. The atoms of all the three elements lithium, sodium, and potassium
have one electron in their outermost shell.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
Both helium (He) and neon (Ne) have filled outermost shells. Helium has a
duplet in its K shell, while neon has an octet in its L shell.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
Helium is a non-reactive gas and neon is a gas of extremely low reactivity.
What , if anything, do their atoms have in common?</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">4.
Consider the following elements: Na, Ca, Al, K, Mg, and Li.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">(i)
Which of these elements belong to the 3 rd period of the Modern Periodic Table?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">(ii)
Which of these elements belong to Group 1 of Modern Periodic Table?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
5. (i) Elements which belong to the 3<sup>rd</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>period of the Modern Periodic Table:
Na, Mg, Al. 1</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(ii)
Elements which belong to Group 1 of Modern Periodic Table are: Li, Na, K.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">6.
(a) Why do stars twinkle whereas planets do not twinkle?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">(b)
What is meant by far point?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) Stars are very far from us and light rays cover large distances. Layers of
air un evenly sprayed so due to atmospheric refraction light rays
scattered more and give the twinkling effect whereas planets being much
closer to the earth the amount of light entering our eyes scattered less
and do not twinkle.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
The maximum distance up to which a normal eye can see clearly is called the far
point of the eye.( infinity)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">7.
(i) Define power of a lens and write its S.I. unit.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(ii)
The image of an object formed by a convex lens is of the same size as the
object. If the image is formed at a distance of 50 cm from the lens, at what
distance from the lens is the object placed? Find the focal length and power of
the lens used.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(i) Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length. It’s
S.I. Unit is dioptre.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(ii)
v = + 50 cm Size of image = size of object </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">it
means Object is placed at 2F in front of the lens and image is formed at
2F on the other side of the lens.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2F
= 50 cm,( object is placed 50 cm from the optical centre of the lens.)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Focal
length of the lens, f = 50/2 = +25 cm =0 .25m</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">P
= 1/f = 1/0.25 = 100/25 = +4 D</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">8.
A man can read the number of a distant bus clearly but he finds difficulty in
reading a book.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(i)
From which defect of eye is he suffering?</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(ii)
What type of spectacle lens should he use to correct the defect?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans
(a) Since the man cannot see the near by objects clearly therefore he is
suffering from the defect of vision called hypermetropia.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
Hypermetropia can be corrected by using spectacles containing convex lens of
suitable power.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">9.
(a) Why coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels?</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(b)
List the four products formed when the fossil fuels are burnt?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they are formed from the
dead remains of plants and animals millions of years ago.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
Products formed by burning fossil fuels are carbon dioxide, water, oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulphur.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">10.
(a) Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction of ethanol with
acidified solution of potassium dichromate.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(b)
Write two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon
compounds we see around us?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH ------ (Acidified K2Cr2O7 + Heat) -----><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
The two properties of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are
as follows:</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(i)
Catenation − It is the ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of
carbon.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(ii)
Tetravalency − with the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four
other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-velent elements.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">11.
Name (a) three elements that have a single electron in their
outermost shells.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">(b)
two elements that have two electrons in their outermost
shells. </span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;">(c)
three elements with filled outermost shells.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) Lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) have a single electron in
their outermost shells.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) have two electrons in their outermost shells.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(c)
Neon (Ne), argon (Ar), and xenon (Xe) have filled outermost shells.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">12.
(a) A convex mirror used in an automobile has 3 m radius of curvature. If a bus
is located at 5 m from the mirror, find the position, nature and size of the
image.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(b)
What is the effect on the wavelength of light when it travels from rarer to
denser medium?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) R = +3 m, f = + 1.5 m Object distance, u = -5 m Image distance,
v = ? Image size h’ =?</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Using
mirror formula, v = 7.5/6.5 = +1.15 m So, The image is 1.15 m behind the
mirror.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">m=-v/u
= - 1.15/ -5 = + 0.23</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">The
image is virtual, upright and 23% smaller in size than the object</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
The wavelength of light decreases when it travels from a rarer to a denser
medium.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">13.
(a) For what position of the object does a convex lens form an erect and
virtual image?</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
What is regular reflection of light?</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(c)
What type of mirror is used as a shaving mirror? Support your answer with
reason.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans.
(a) when the object lies between the optical centre and the focus, convex lens
form an erect and virtual image</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
When a parallel beam of light falls on a smooth and highly polished surface,
then the reflected beam is also parallel and directed in a fixed direction.
Such reflection of light is called regular reflection.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(c)
Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see large image of face. This is
because when the face is held within the focus of a concave mirror, then an
enlarged image of face is seen in the concave mirror. This helps in making a
smooth shave.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">14.
(a) How does an eye adjust itself to deal with light of varying
intensity? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(b)
Give one cause of near sightedness.</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
(a) The iris of eye regulates the amount of light entering the eye by
adjusting the size of the pupil. If the amount of light received by the eye is
too much, then the iris makes the pupil contract and reduces the amount of
light entering the eye. On the other hand, if the amount of light received by
the eye is small, then the iris makes the pupil expand and more light enters
the eye.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(b)
Decrease of the focal length of the eye lens.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">15.
(a) How will you bring about the following conversions? Explain by giving
suitable chemical equations.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(i)
Ethanol to Ethanoic acid. (ii) Ethanol to ethene. (iii) Ethanol to ethyl
ethanoate</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><u1:p></u1:p>
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(b)
Why do unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow flame? (c) Why soaps cannot
be used in hard water?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b0f0; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ans:
. (a) (i) Ethanol is converted to ethanoic acid by the oxidation of
ethanol in the presence of oxidising agent like alkaline potassium permanganate
or acidified potassium dichromate.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH
----( Acidified K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>+Heat)--><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;">(ii)
Ethanol is converted to ethene by the dehydration of ethanol in the presence of
dehydrating agent conc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub><span style="font-size: small;">4</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><u1:p></u1:p></span></sub></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></sub></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-24582587471265070462013-11-23T20:57:00.000+05:302013-11-23T21:17:08.942+05:30Soaps - preparation of soaps - Detergents - advantages and disadvantages <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQqZPlfXANJHamknHrwT-5G1ESObG1pxdFPeu3sfXj2F7FVyyl9389x4CbIwaguxWU-pFG4bspc7st2WdIPF_HEJ6qM1gpNpNKsFezvL8P3LD_lNHpymoZPxdJaLudf5KW70WSCX1zuwo/s1600/Question+paper.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQqZPlfXANJHamknHrwT-5G1ESObG1pxdFPeu3sfXj2F7FVyyl9389x4CbIwaguxWU-pFG4bspc7st2WdIPF_HEJ6qM1gpNpNKsFezvL8P3LD_lNHpymoZPxdJaLudf5KW70WSCX1zuwo/s1600/Question+paper.png" /></a><span style="background-color: red; color: white; font-family: inherit;">10th Chemistry : Soaps and Detergents [Carbon and Its Compound]</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b> </b><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">SOAPS</span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Metallic salts prepared from
natural fats are called soaps. Soap is a sodium salt or potasium salt of long
chain fatty acids that has cleansing action in water. Sodium stearate, sodium
oliate and sodium palmitate are some
examples of soaps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stearic acid is a long chain
fatty acid. Its formula is C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COOH. This reacts with sodium
hydroxide to give a compound called sodium stearate, which has properties of soap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Similarly, sodium hydroxide
reacts with oleic acid and palmitic acid forming sodium oleate (C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>33</sub>COONa)
and sodium palmitate (C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COONa) respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Please
Note! <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fatty acids are organic
compounds. The molecules of these compounds contain a carboxyl group {-COOH}. These molecules react with a
trihydric alcohol called glycerol to form a class of compounds called esters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Groundnut oil, coconut oil,
palm oil, caster oil, gingely oil, animal fat etc are all esters of fatty
acids. Fats and fatty oils are called <b>glyceryl
esters or tglycerides.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">PREPARATION
OF SOAP</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Experiment : Take about 30
ml of a vegetable oil in a beaker. Add about 60ml of 20% sodium hydroxide
solution to it. Heat slowly until the mixture boils. After 5-10 minutes of
boiling, add about 5g of sodium chloride to separate soap from the solution.
Cool the solution. Observe the creamy layer of soap floating on the solution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">We need animal fat or
vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride for preparing soap. Fat or
vegetable oil is a glyceride or a glyceryl ester. Soap is prepared by hydrolyzing
fat or oil with bases such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This
process of preparing soap is called saponification.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When a mixture of a oil/fat
and a strong solution of sodium hydroxide is boild in an iron tank, a sodium
salt of the fatty acid and glycerol are formed. The sodium salt of the fatty
acid thus formed is nothing but soap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Please
Note! </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Swedish chemist, Carl
Wilhelm Scheel, discovered accidentally the process of preparation of soap in
1783. He boiled olive oil with lead oxide and obtained a sweetish substance
which was seat to taste. This substance is now known as glycerine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Oil/fat
+ sodium hydroxide </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">-----> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> soap
+ glycerol</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEVBalAcnCfpz7PwsREy2xmjVjVTnEqElFd6XK9YtTbwqT2QEOLkAgimGuh5ueMzPCLSrA-5F2ZyrTPmX2gUWHSyvuJra12zl5w6731f0wpexALbEmPlcprrpCmPRNXVM0YxxRi1cxWJk/s1600/soap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEVBalAcnCfpz7PwsREy2xmjVjVTnEqElFd6XK9YtTbwqT2QEOLkAgimGuh5ueMzPCLSrA-5F2ZyrTPmX2gUWHSyvuJra12zl5w6731f0wpexALbEmPlcprrpCmPRNXVM0YxxRi1cxWJk/s320/soap.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Fig-01<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Please
Note! </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<u style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Glycerol</span></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Glycerol is a sweet viscous
liquid soluble in water. It is a byproduct of saponification process. It is
commonly called glycerine. Its formula is CH<sub>2</sub>OH.CHOH.CH<sub>2</sub>OH.
It is used in the manufacture of explosives, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. It
is also used to prevent freezing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Soap thus formed is
separated with the help of sodium chloride. Addition of sodium chloride reduces
the solubility of soap considerable. Soap, being lighter, floats like a cream
on the solution. It is separated from the solution; suitable chemicals of
suitable colour and odour are added to it and cast into moulds. When soap cools
and solidifies, it is cut into desired shapes and packed. Glycerol exists in
dissolved state in the solution. It is separated by distillation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">How
does soap clean</span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Soap dissolves in water.
This is due to the contrasting properties of the ends of the soap molecules. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A soap molecule has a long
hydrocarbon end [E.g. CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>] and a short
ionic end containing </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">COONa</span><sup style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">+</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">. The non-ionic hydrocarbon end has the
property to repel water. The other end, which is ionic, has the property to
attract water. This end attaches itself to water. The hydrocarbon end attaches
to the dirt or grease to form structures called ‘micelles’.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29XLSQptmklli6JdwMmhPxy__XA5Uo1V2Mh_1CYDp4Pw0OEcuahu3HU2Mq-RI7C1h7A0OcmYPG7HaVCbT9k-f13D5mC-cRfYOGw5kJykSRB7V3AbQGQ-O_78ZjMAmU5Tp-D3jtQmOqdo/s1600/soap-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29XLSQptmklli6JdwMmhPxy__XA5Uo1V2Mh_1CYDp4Pw0OEcuahu3HU2Mq-RI7C1h7A0OcmYPG7HaVCbT9k-f13D5mC-cRfYOGw5kJykSRB7V3AbQGQ-O_78ZjMAmU5Tp-D3jtQmOqdo/s640/soap-2.png" width="640" /></a> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"> Figure-02</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">In micelles soap molecules
are arranged radially. The end attached to water pulls out the dirt from the
fabric. This can be washed off with water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">DETERGENTS</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The term detergent is
derived from a Latin word which means surface active. Synthetic detergents are
commonly known as detergents. Detergents are also called soap less soaps. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Detergents do not form
insoluble ‘scum’ with magnesium and calcium ions present in hard water.
Therefore, detergents clean better than soap even in hard water.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Detergents are sodium salts
of long chain benzene sulphonic acid or sodium salts of long chain alkyl
hydrogen sulphate. A detergent molecule consists of a large hydrocarbon group
that is non-ionic and a sulphonate (SO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>Na<sup>+</sup>)
or a sulphate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>- </sup>Na<sup>+</sup>) group that is ionic. Sodium n-dodecyl benzene
sulphonate and Sodium dodecyl sulphate are two well-known detergents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Note:
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Long chain hydrocarbons obtained
from petroleum are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid. The organic acids
produced during this process are neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The sodium
salt obtained is a detergent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
OVER SOAPS<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Detergents have more
advantages than soap. Therefore, detergents are more widely used than soap. Let
us now turn our focus towards the advantages of detergents.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">! Detergents cleanse well
even in hard water. Soap is not so good for washing when water is hard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">! Detergents are made from
hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. Soap is prepared from vegetable oil or
animals fat that are usually edible. Detergents are not bio-degradable. Soaps
are biodegradable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">! Detergents cleanse well
even in acidic medium. Soap does not cleanse well in such a medium.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Detergents
have their disadvanges.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">! Detergents are not
bio-degradable. They polutes water and soil.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Total Fatty Matter (TFM)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Soaps are graded in terms of total fatty
matter or TFM. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has catogorised bath or toilet
soaps as ‘normal’, ‘baby, transparent,
and antibacterial soaps. The last three are called specialty soaps targeted to specific users. A toilet soap is a
cosmetic by law and it must fulfil the requirements
of the relevant Indian standard. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> T. F. M or total fatty matter is a measure for
identifying the amount of fatty matter present
in soaps. TFM of a sample of soap can be determined as follows. A known weight of the soap is dissolved in water and
the solution is treated with dilute sulphuric
acid. The soap decomposes to sodium suplphate and fatty acids. The fatty acids
so formed can be estimated. From this TFM can be calculated. On the basis TFM, toilet soaps can be classified into
three grades. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Grade<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> TFM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.55pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Moisture<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Free
salt (NaCl) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">above
80 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Max
: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">13.5
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Max
: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.35pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.7<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">II
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">65
– 80 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">13-
15 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.35pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">III
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">55-
65 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">15-20<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.35pt;" valign="top" width="82"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1.5
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Q. Swapnesh, living in Ooty, was
washing clothes in cold water. He found that </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">the clothes were not getting clean. Geeta ,
his niece, suggested that he wash </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">the
clothes in warm water. Washing of clothes with soaps or detergents is </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">easier in Luke warm water than cold water.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(a)Why? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(b) What value do you derive from
this? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(a) Action of soaps is due to
formation of micelles. But the formation of micelles takes place at a minimum
temperature called ‘Kraft temperature’.
This temperature is reached in lukewarm water. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Be humble to accept a
scientific fact from a younger person </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-64836059723651056222013-11-20T20:34:00.000+05:302013-11-21T20:21:10.230+05:30Properties of Alkanes/ Alkenes/ Alkynes (10th Carbon and its compounds) CBSE_NCERT Class Xth <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4wfwGAaVhYWn97fVekdVzKdB9eFo7B9cGi-DsJF3xxtwrIScLCVquob5UhwRN673qet6TLDKEQyOOQn5ABus_TjElKjkA5WjZMM2tnkW-niBpnT-tvwQnu2HyZK0y-Bs6AaPq6N4EStA/s1600/carbon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>10th Carbon and its compounds_ CBSE_NCERT Class Xth </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">(a)
Alkanes are gas (C</span><sub style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">1</sub><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">to C</span><sub style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">4</sub><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">) ; liquid (C</span><sub style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">5</sub><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">to C</span><sub style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">17</sub><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">)
and rest are solid at room temperature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4wfwGAaVhYWn97fVekdVzKdB9eFo7B9cGi-DsJF3xxtwrIScLCVquob5UhwRN673qet6TLDKEQyOOQn5ABus_TjElKjkA5WjZMM2tnkW-niBpnT-tvwQnu2HyZK0y-Bs6AaPq6N4EStA/s1600/carbon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b)
The melting and boiling point of Alkanes increases with increase in number of C –
atom in Alkanes .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.0pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 485px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Formula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Boiling point [°C]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Melting point [°C]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">State (at 20 °C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Methane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">CH<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-162<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-182<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Ethane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-183<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Propane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-188<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Butane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-138<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Pentane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-130<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Hexane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Heptane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Octane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">126<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Nonane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">151<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Decane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">174<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Undecane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>24</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">196<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Dodecane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>26</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">216<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hexadecane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>34</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">281<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Icosane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>42</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">343<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">solid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Triacontane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>62</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">450<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">solid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Tetracontane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>82</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">525<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">solid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Pentacontane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>50</sub>H<sub>102</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">575<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">solid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hexacontane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>60</sub>H<sub>122</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">625<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">solid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="5" style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4wfwGAaVhYWn97fVekdVzKdB9eFo7B9cGi-DsJF3xxtwrIScLCVquob5UhwRN673qet6TLDKEQyOOQn5ABus_TjElKjkA5WjZMM2tnkW-niBpnT-tvwQnu2HyZK0y-Bs6AaPq6N4EStA/s1600/carbon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4wfwGAaVhYWn97fVekdVzKdB9eFo7B9cGi-DsJF3xxtwrIScLCVquob5UhwRN673qet6TLDKEQyOOQn5ABus_TjElKjkA5WjZMM2tnkW-niBpnT-tvwQnu2HyZK0y-Bs6AaPq6N4EStA/s200/carbon.png" width="200" /></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Reason: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkanes experience inter-molecular van der Waals forces. Stronger
inter-molecular van der Waals forces give rise to greater boiling points of
alkanes.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">A
straight-chain alkane will have a boiling point higher than a branched-chain
alkane due to the greater surface area in contact. </span><span style="color: cyan;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Note: In Chemistry the Van der Waals forces include
attractions and repulsions between atoms, molecules, and surfaces, as well as
other intermolecular forces.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (c) <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The
density of the alkanes usually increases with increasing number of carbon atoms<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 61.1pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 462px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Alkane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Formula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Density</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Pentane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.626 (liquid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Hexane</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.659 (liquid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Heptane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.684 (liquid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Octane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.703 (liquid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Nonane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.718 (liquid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">(d)
Alkanes are generally insoluble in polar compound like water but dissolve in
organic solvents (Non polar compound) like benzene. The liquid alkanes are good
solvents for many other covalent compounds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Reason:
Alkanes do not conduct electricity, nor are they polarized by electricity. For
this reason they do not form hydrogen bonds and are insoluble in polar solvents
such as water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(e)
Alkanes are stable and less reactive than alkenes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Reason:
This is because saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds which are very
stable and difficult to break. On the other hand, unsaturated hydrocarbons
contain pie bonds, which can be easily broken as they are more strained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(f)
Alkanes are generally good combustible material due presence of the good
percentage of Hydrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Since
Alkanes burn with non smoky and non sooty flame due to presence of the good
percentage of Hydrogen, It is used as a fuel like LPG and CNG<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2CH<sub>4</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>+
2O<sub>2</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>→
CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + Heat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>+
7O<sub>2</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>→
4CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O + Heat<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">However,
if the supply of air or oxygen is not sufficient for complete combustion,
carbon monoxide is formed. Carbon monoxide (CO) is highly poisonous.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2CH<sub>4</sub> +
3O<sub>2</sub> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">→ </span>2CO +
4H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub> + 9O<sub>2</sub> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">→ </span>8CO + 10H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(g)
Alkanes do not undergo addition reaction due to strong van der wall force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Unlike
alkane, generally alkene Undergo addition reaction with hydrogen gas in the
presence of Polladium catalyst and gives
saturated hydrocarbon <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Pd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">CH<sub>2</sub> = CH<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">H<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">---------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">CH<sub>3 </sub> - CH<sub>3
</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]-->
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="109"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="30"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="36"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="48"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="32"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="24"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="216"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">ThIs
addition reaction of hydrogen is helpful in converting vegetable Oil into
saturated fat like vanaspati gee . This
reaction is commonly called Hydrogenation of Oil. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Note:
</span>Butter contain saturated compound where as cooking oil contain unsaturated compound.
If Alkaline KMno<sub>4</sub> added to both, pink color of KMno<sub>4 </sub>disappear
in cooking oil but remain in pink in butter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.45pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.0pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.8pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.0pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 192.65pt;" valign="top" width="257"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.45pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Vegetable Oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.0pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">H<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">CH<sub>3 </sub> - CH<sub>3
</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]-->
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="102"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="28"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="45"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="33"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="28"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="41"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="216"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(h) Alkanes undergo addition reaction because
hydrogen attached to carbon easily replaced by atom more reactive than hydrogen
like halo atom Cl,Br ,I etc.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Sunlight</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CH4 </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> +</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Cl<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CH<sub>3</sub>Cl</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">+</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">HCl<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Sunlight</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> CH<sub>4</sub>Cl </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> +</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Cl<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">+</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">HCl<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Sunlight</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> +</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Cl<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CHCl<sub>3</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">+</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">HCl<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Sunlight</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CHCl<sub>3</sub> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> +</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">Cl<sub>2</sub></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">CH<sub>3</sub>Cl</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">+</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">HCl<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If chlorine present in excess , then reaction does not stopin
between but keep on reacting till it form carbon tetra chloride<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bromine and chlorine react with alkene to form vicinal dihalides
(iodine does not undergo addition reaction under normal conditions).</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 459px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> CCl<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.05pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2</sub> = CH<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-----------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 32.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.05pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.05pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> I <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.5pt;" valign="top" width="19"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.05pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ethene<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 16.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.05pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1,2-Dibromoethane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 457px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2</sub> = CH<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> --------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>3</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.65pt;" valign="top" width="21"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.45pt;" valign="top" width="17"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.65pt;" valign="top" width="21"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> I <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.45pt;" valign="top" width="17"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.6pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.65pt;" valign="top" width="21"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.45pt;" valign="top" width="17"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ethene<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.75pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1,2-Dibropropane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Note:</span> In Alkanes, the four valencies of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>carbon</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atom
are saturated and they have stable s (sigma) bonds.
Any nuleophile comes, one hydrogen atom is replaced to accommodate the
nucleophile.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron
pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">e.g.
CH<sub>4<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></sub>+
Cl<sub>2 </sub></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"> --------></span><sub style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"> </sub><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">CH</span><sub style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">3</sub><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cl
+ HCl</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">In
case of Alkene or Alkyne,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Carbon atom</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span>has double or triple bonds. In
this, one is stable s
(sigma) bond and the rests are
unstable(or weak) p bonds.
When nucleophile approches to the carbon atom that has double or triple bonds,
they easily break to accommodate it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">e.g.,
H<sub>2</sub>C=CH<sub>2<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></sub>+ Cl<sub>2</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"> --------></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> H<sub>2</sub>ClC-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">(i)
Cracking (or pyrolysis):</span> Higher alkanes
undergo thermal decomposition to give lower alkanes. This process is called
pyrolysis or cracking. In this process, vapour of higher alkanes is passed
through a hot metal tube (500<sup>0</sup>C – 700<sup>0</sup>C). Propane on
cracking gives,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.15pt;" valign="top" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .25in;" valign="top" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.65pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.25pt;" valign="top" width="367"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C3H6 + H2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 13.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C3H8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="height: 13.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.25pt;" valign="top" width="367"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.25pt;" valign="top" width="367"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">CH4 + C2H4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td colspan="7" style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 408.8pt;" valign="top" width="545"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Cracking of hexane gives
butane and ethane.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.05pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 19.6pt;" valign="top" width="26"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 295.4pt;" valign="top" width="394"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.75pt;" valign="top" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C6H14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">-------------><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.25pt;" valign="top" width="367"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">C4H10 + C2H4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="93"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="28"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="4"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="20"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="6"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="27"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="367"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.
What's the difference between cracking and pyrolysis?</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #373737;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pyrolysis : The decomposition of a compound on
heating in absence of air is known as pyrolysis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #373737;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #373737;">Cracking: is the breakdown of large organic
compounds by use of a catalyst and low temperature to form fewer different
compounds</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #373737;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Q.
In cracking will the decomposed
hydrocarbon always be a saturated and a unsaturated hydrocarbons? Can they both
be either unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbons?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Cracking
is defined as the process of breaking or decomposition of large hydrocarbons
into smaller compounds. This process is widely used in the petroleum industry.
Usually, we get a mixture of alkane and alkenes by the process of cracking of
hydrcarbons. This is because the bonds in the hydrocarbons can be cleared in
any way. As a result, we will not get alkane and alkene exclusively but a
mixture of both.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: orange;">Click here to study more </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: white; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/" target="_blank">Study more</a> </span></b></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The ionization energy of an atom or molecule describes the
amount of energy required to remove an electron from the atom or molecule in
the gaseous state.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">X + energy → X+ + e-
</span><a href="http://chemistryadda.blogspot.in/" style="font-family: inherit;">Know your chemistry
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-50448131059516463232013-11-11T19:46:00.002+05:302013-11-17T11:06:15.459+05:30Functional group of carbon compound for class 10th CBSE/NCERT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Functional group of carbon compound </span><span style="line-height: 19px;">& Some important organic compound _<o:p></o:p></span>Ethanol and Ethanoic acid</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhri5epIHq24tMA46G5Yo8ufhRlgyi5fOse906FrdmDGY2lNW-NnCSofkfBKiptKMp_1_zTk8vIfFwn6gBg4T1PrJFtAGphhgOcJWMRy5Q_NWl3uxpxAc_X_R4YI_ozobz2t7XnpmcDkB8/s1600/Carbon+and+its+compound-22.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhri5epIHq24tMA46G5Yo8ufhRlgyi5fOse906FrdmDGY2lNW-NnCSofkfBKiptKMp_1_zTk8vIfFwn6gBg4T1PrJFtAGphhgOcJWMRy5Q_NWl3uxpxAc_X_R4YI_ozobz2t7XnpmcDkB8/s200/Carbon+and+its+compound-22.gif" width="200" /></a><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Functional group may be defined as an atom or group of atoms or reactive
part which is responsible for the characteristic properties of the compounds.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The chemical properties of organic compounds are determined by the
functional groups while their physical properties are determined by the
remaining part of the molecule.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">1. Alcohols</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Alcohols are carbon compounds containing –OH group attached to alkyl group.
The general formula of alcohol is </span><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">R-OH</span> </b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">where ‘R’ is an alkyl group and –OH is
the functional group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">The IUPAC name of alcohol is derived by replacing –e, in the word
alkane, by the suffix –ol. Hence we get the name alkanol. </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Molecular formula <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Common name <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">IUPAC name<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Methyl alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Methanol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3-CH2-OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethyl alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CH2-CH2-OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">n-Propyl alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1-Propanol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3-CH-CH3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> I<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Isopropyl alcohol or secondary propyl alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2-Propanol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CH2-CH2-CH2-OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">n-Butyl alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1-Butanol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3-CH-CH2-OH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> I<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CH3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Isobutyl alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2-Methyl-1-propanol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Note: <span style="color: blue;">Alcohols are the simplest compounds, which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. An alcohol </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">may be defined as follows:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">An organic compound in which a hydroxyl ( - OH) group is attached to an alkyl group ( R ) is called </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">an alcohol. If R is an alkyl group, then the corresponding alcohol is described by the formula ROH. </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">The functional group in alcohols is hydroxyl group ( - OH). The –OH group in alcohols is also called </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">alcoholic group.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Examples: - Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH0 are the simplest alcohols. An alcohol may </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">also be considered as a hydroxy derivative of an alkane. So, an alcohol can be obtained by replacing a</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">hydrogen atom of an alkane by a hydroxyl (-OH) group. Thus,</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkane – H + OH -------------> Alcohol</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Or RH – H + OH</span><span style="line-height: 24px;">-------------></span><span style="line-height: 24px;"> ROH</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Or, </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">C</span><sub style="line-height: 115%;">n</sub><span style="line-height: 115%;">H</span><sub style="line-height: 115%;">2n+2 </sub><span style="line-height: 24px;"> – H + OH </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">-------------></span><span style="line-height: 24px;">CnH2n+1 OH</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Therefore, simple alcohols can be described by the general formula CnH2n+1OH. For example, when a</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by –OH group, methyl alcohol is obtained.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">CH4 – H + OH </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">-------------> </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">CH3OH</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Methane Methyl alcohol</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Similarly, from ethane one gets ethyl alcohol.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">C2H6 – H + OH </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">-------------> </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">C2H5OH</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethane Ethyl alcohol</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">Naming alcohols: -</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Like hydrocarbons, alcohols are also known by their common and IUPAC names. The naming of alcohols is</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">described below:</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">1. Common names of alcohols: - The common name of an alcohol is obtained by adding the term alcohol to</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">the name of the alkyl group.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Common name of an alcohol = name of the alkyl group + alcohol</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Name of the alkyl group is derived from the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain attached to the</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">– OH group. For example, C2H5OH is made of two parts as C2H5 and OH. C2H5 contains two carbon atoms. </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">So, C2H5 is ethyl group (from ethane). So, </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Common name of C2H5OH = Ethyl + alcohol = Ethyl alcohol</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">2. IUPAC names of alcohols: - In IUPAC system, an alcohol is named as alkanol. The IUPAC name of an</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">alcohol is obtained as follows:</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">a) Count the number of carbon atoms in the continuous longest chain containing the –OH group.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">b) From the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain, identify the parent alkane as done for </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">hydrocarbons.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">c) Name of the alcohol is then written by replacing ‘e’ of the parent alkane by –ol, i.e.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">IUPAC name of an alcohol = IUPAC name of the parent alkane – e + ol</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; line-height: 24px;">The method of naming alcohols is illustrated below:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;">a) CH3OH: - The molecule CH3OH contains a carbon chain containing only one carbon atom. Therefore, the </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">parent alkane is methane. So,</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">IUPAC name of CH3OH = Methane – e + ol = Methanol </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">CH3OH contains methyl (CH3) group. So, </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Common name of CH3OH = Methyl + alcohol = Methyl alcohol </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Naming the alcohol 3CH3 – 2CH2 – </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">1CH2 – OH</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">In this molecule, the – OH group is present on carbon atom number 1. So,</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">IUPAC name of 3CH3 – 2CH2 – 1CH2OH = 1 – Propane – e + ol = 1 – propanol</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">The compound CH3 – CH2 – CH2OH contains n – propyl group (CH3 – CH2 – CH2 –). </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">So, </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">Common name of CH3 – CH2 – CH2OH = n-propyl alcohol</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Physical properties of alcohols: </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Some common general physical properties of alcohols are given below:</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a) <span style="color: blue;">Physical state and adour: </span>- Most common alcohols are colourless liquid. Alcohols containing more </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">than 10 carbon atoms in their molecules are solids. Lower alcohols have a characteristic odour and </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">burning taste.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b) <span style="color: blue;">Solubility: </span>- Lower alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol are soluble in water in all </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">properties. Solubility of alcohols in water decreases with an increase in the number of carbon atoms </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">in the molecule. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">c) Conductivity: </span>- Alcohols do not conduct electricity. This is because alcohols are covalent </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;">compounds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">d) Action of litmus: - </span>Alcohols have no effect on litmus, i.e., alcohols do not change the colour of </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">litmus. This is because alcohols are neutral compounds.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">e) Boiling points: - The boiling points of alcohols increase with an increase in their molecular masses, </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">thus, an alcohol containing larger number of carbon atoms in its molecule has higher boiling point </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">than alcohol containing lesser number of carbon atoms.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Molecular mass: 32 46 60 74</span><br />
<br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Boiling point 64C 78.10C 97.40C 117.40C</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">2. Aldehydes</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Aldehydes are carbon compounds containing -CHO group
attached to alkylgroup or hydrogen atom. The general formula of aldehydes is </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><b>R
– CHO</b></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"> where ‘R’ is an alkyl group or hydrogen atom and – CHO is the functional
group. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">The IUPAC name of aldehyde is derived by replacing –e, in the word
alkane, by the suffix –al. Hence we get the name “alkanal”.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Molecular formula <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Common name <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">IUPAC name<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">HCHO<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Formaldehyde<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Methanal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CHO<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Acetaldehyde<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CH2- CHO<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Propionaldehyde<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Propanal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CH2-CH2- CHO<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Butyraldehyde</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Butanal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">3. Ketones</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ketones are carbon compounds containing carbonyl – CO –
group attached to two alkyl groups. The general formula of ketone is<b> <span style="color: blue;">R-CO-R’</span></b>
where R and R’ are alkyl groups and – CO – is the functional group. <span style="color: blue;">The IUPAC
name of ketone is derived by replacing –e, in the word alkane, by the suffix
-one. Hence we get the name “alkanone”.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Molecular formula <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Common name <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">IUPAC name<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3COCH3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dimethyl ketone (Acetone)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Propanone<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3COCH2CH3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethyl methyl ketone<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Butanone<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3CH2COCH2CH3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Diethyl
ketone</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3-Pentanone<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">propylacetone</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2-hexanone<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">4. Carboxylic Acids</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Carboxylic acids are carbon compounds containing –COOH
group attached to a hydrogen atom or alkyl group. The general formula of acid
is <span style="color: blue;"><b>R-COOH</b> </span>where ‘R’ is a hydrogen atom or alkyl group and –COOH is the
functional group. <span style="color: blue;">The IUPAC name of acid is derived by replacing – e, in the
word alkane, by the suffix –oic acid. Hence we get the name “alkanoic acid”. </span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Molecular formula <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Common name <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">IUPAC name<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">HCOOH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Formic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Methanoic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3-COOH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Acetic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanoic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CH2-COOH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Propionic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Propanoic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">CH3- CH2-CH2-COOH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">n-Butyric
acid</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Butanoic
acid</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">5.</span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">ESTERS</span>: </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">The organic compounds containing the functional group – COOR in their molecules are called </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">esters. Esters are described by a general formula</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"> O</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"> ||</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">R – C – OR </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Where R and R may be same or different alkyl groups.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">Physical properties of esters: -</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">Some general properties of esters are given below:</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">a) Physical state, colour and odour: </span>- Lower esters are colourless volatile liquids, having pleasant odour</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">i.e. they have fruity smell. Higher esters are colourless, wax-like solids.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">b) Solubility: -</span> Lower esters are soluble in water. The solubility, however, decreases sharply with an </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">increase in the molecular mass of the esters. All esters are soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">benzene etc.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">c) Boiling points: -</span> Boiling points of esters are lower than those of the corresponding acids. This is </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">because esters do not show hydrogen bonding whereas acids do.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">Uses of esters: -Some common uses of esters are given below:</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">a) Esters are used as solvents for oils, gums, resins etc.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">b) Esters are used as plasticisers for resins and plastics.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;">c) Esters are used as flavoring agent in cold drinks, ice creams, sweets etc.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS</b></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">1. Ethanol (C2H5OH)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanol or ethyl alcohol or simply alcohol is one of the
most important members of the family of alcohols.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Physical properties</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Ethanol is a clear liquid with burning taste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Its boiling point is 351K which is higher than
corresponding alkane.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) It is completely miscible with water in all proportions.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Chemical properties</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">(i) Dehydration</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(a) Intra molecular dehydration :</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue;"></span></b>Ethanol, when heated
with excess conc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> at 443 K undergoes intra
molecular dehydration (i.e. removal of water within a molecule of ethanol).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH -------Conc.H2SO4/443K-----> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>2 </sub>= CH<sub>2</sub> +H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>(b) Inter molecular dehydration : </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When excess of alcohol
is heated with conc. H2SO4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">at 413K two molecules condense by losing a molecule of
water to form ether (i.e. removal of water from two molecules of ethanol).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">C2H5- OH + HO- C2H5 -------Conc.H2SO4/413K--</span></span>--> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">C2H5-O-C2H5 (Diethyl ether)+H2O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>(ii) Reaction with sodium : </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanol reacts with sodium
metal to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2C2H5OH + 2Na ------------</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">></span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> 2C2H5ONa
(</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">sodium
ethoxide</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">) + H2
↑<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(iii) Oxidation: </span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid
with alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3CH2OH ----Oxidation-</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;"> CH3COOH (Ethanoic acid) + H2O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange;">During this reaction, orange colour of K2Cr2O7 changes to
green. Therefore, this reaction can be used for the identification of
alcohols.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">(iv) Esterificaiton </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: blue;">:</span></b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of
conc.H2SO4 (catalyst) to form ethyl ethanoate and water. The compound formed by
the reaction of an alcohol with carboxylic acid is known as ester (fruity
smelling compound) and the reaction is called esterification.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">C2H5OH + CH3COOH ---conc.H2SO4---</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;"> CH3COOC2H5 (Ethyl ethanoate) + H2O<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><b>(v) Dehydrogenation : </b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When the vapour of ethanol is
passed over reduced copper catalyst at 573 K, it is dehydrogenated to
acetaldehyde.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3CH2OH -----------Cu/573K ----</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3CHO (Acetadehyde) +H<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ethanol is used</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. As an anti-freeze in automobile radiators.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2. As a preservative for biological specimen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3. As an antiseptic to sterilize wounds in hospitals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4. As a solvent for drugs, oils, fats, perfumes, dyes,
etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5. <span style="color: orange;">In the preparation of methylated spirit (mixture of
95% of ethanol and 5% of methanol),rectified spirit (mixture of 95.5% of
ethanol and 4.5% of water), power alcohol (mixture of petrol and ethanol) and
denatured sprit (ethanol mixed with pyridine).</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">6. In cough and digestive syrups.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Evil effects of consuming alcohol</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• If ethanol is consumed, it tends to slow down
metabolism of our body and depresses the central nervous system.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• It causes mental depression and emotional disorder.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• It affects our health by causing ulcer, high blood
pressure, cancer,brain and liver damage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• Nearly 40% accidents are due to drunken drive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• Unlike ethanol, intake of methanol in very small
quantities can cause death.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• Methanol is oxidized to methanal (formaldehyde) in the
liver and methanol reacts rapidly with the components of cells.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• Methanal causes the protoplasm to get coagulated, in
the same way an egg is coagulated by cooking. Methanol also affects the optic
nerve, causing blindness.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">2. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanoic acid is most commonly known as acetic acid and
belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids. Acetic acid is present in
many fruits and sour taste of fruits is because of this acid.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">1. Preparation of Ethanoic acid<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanol on oxidation in the presence of alkaline
potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate gives ethanoic acid.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3CH2OH (Ethanol) ------ Oxidation ----</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3COOH (Ethanoic acid) + H2O</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">2. Physical properties</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid and has a sour
taste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) It is miscible with water in all proportions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Boiling point (391 K) is higher than corresponding
alcohols, aldehydes and ketones.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iv) <span style="color: orange;"><b>On cooling, pure ethanoic acid is frozen to form ice
like flakes. They look like glaciers, so it is called glacial acetic acid.</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">3. Chemical properties<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid but it turns blue litmus
to red.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">(ii) Reaction with metal</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanoic acid reacts with metals like Na, K, Zn, etc to
form metal ethanoate and hydrogen gas.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2CH3COOH + Zn ------------</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;"> (CH3COO)2 Zn + H2 ↑<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2CH3COOH + 2Na --------------</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;">2CH3COONa + H2 ↑<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(iii) Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates.</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates and
produces brisk effervescence due to the evolution of carbon dioxide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ----------</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;">2CH3COONa + CO2 ↑ + H2O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3COOH + NaHCO3 -----------</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3COONa + CO2 ↑ + H2O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>(iv) Reaction with base</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium
ethanoate and water<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH3COOH + NaOH ----------</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;"> CH3COONa + H2O<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(v) Decarboxylation (Removal of CO2)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When sodium salt of ethanoic acid is heated with soda
lime (Solid mixure of 3 parts of NaOH and 1 part of CaO) methane gas is formed<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CH<sub>3</sub>COONa ------NaOH / CaO-----</span>--> <span style="line-height: 150%;"> CH<sub>4</sub> ↑ + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><b>Ethanoic acid is used<o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. For making vinegar which is used as a preservative in
food and fruit juices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2. As a laboratory reagent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3. For coagulating rubber from latex.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4. In the preparation of dyes, perfumes and medicine.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 96%px;">
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Links For CBSE Class X Science Term-II<span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/carbon-and-its-compounds.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Carbon and Its Compounds</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.55pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/periodic-classification-of-elements.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Periodic Classification of
Elements of Elements</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/light---reflection-and-refraction.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Light - Reflection and Refraction</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/the-human-eye-and-the-colourful-world.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The Human Eye and the Colorful
World</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.55pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/how-do-organisms-reproduce.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">How Do Organisms
Reproduce ?</span></a></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/our-environment.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Our Environment</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Question: Why does Ethanoic acid
called glacial acetic acid? (Imp.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. On cooling, pure ethanoic acid is
frozen to form ice like flakes. They look like glaciers, so it is called
glacial acetic acid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">Question: </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation
reaction? </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">(Imp.)</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Ans. </b>When
ethanol is oxidised, hydrogen is removed from its molecule and oxygen is added
so as to form ethanoic acid. Thus, conversion of ethanol into acetic acid is an
oxidation reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Question: A mixture of ethyne and oxygen is burnt for
welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used? (Imp.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. Ethyne has only two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms
in its molecule. It burns in air with a sooty flame, because the oxygen from
air is insufficient to burn the carbon completely. Thus, pure oxygen is used
which completely burns carbon and hydrogen and produces a very hot flame.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Question: Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic
acid considered an oxidation reaction?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. Conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is considered an
oxidation reaction since it involves:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) addition of oxygen to the ethanol molecule (ii) removal
of hydrogen from the ethanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">molecule .</span><a href="http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/carbon-and-its-compounds.html" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: #1b9cce; text-decoration: none;"><i><b>Carbon and Its Compounds</b></i></span></a></div>
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J.Sunil Sirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06753061330031546203noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5658836504857763582.post-60805750649705411022013-10-20T17:43:00.000+05:302013-10-26T21:22:10.476+05:30CBSE Board Questions Ch- 5 Periodic Classification of Elements<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 25px;"> </span> Which physical and chemical properties of the elements were used by Mendeleev in creating his periodic table? List two observations which posed a challenge of Mendeleev’s periodic law. (C.B.S.E 2009)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. The creation of Mendeleev’s periodic table was based upon certain physical and chemical properties.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">Physical properties:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> The atomic mass of the elements was taken into account and the elements were</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">arranged in order of increasing atomic masses. The influences of their physical properties such as melting</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">points, boiling points, density etc.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Chemical properties: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The distribution of the elements into different groups was linked with formation of </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">hydrides by combining with hydrogen and formation of oxides by combining with oxygen. This is linked with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">the valency of the elements.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">The two main observations which posed challenge to Mendeleev’s periodic table are as follows.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(i) Position of isotopes: Since the isotopes of an element differ in their atomic masses, they must be assigned</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">separate slots or positions in the periodic table.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Anomalous positions of some elements: In the Mendeleev’s periodic table, certain elements with higher</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">atomic masses precede or placed before the elements with lower atomic masses. For example, the element Ar (Atomic mass = 39.9) is placed before the element K (Atomic mass = 39.1)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue;"> Using the part of the periodic table given below, answer the questions that follow.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Group Period<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">IV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">VI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">VII<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Zero<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">He<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Li<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Ne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Na<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Al<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Si<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Ar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Ca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">
<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(i) Na has physical properties similar to which elements and why?</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(ii) Write the electronic configuration of N and P</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(iii) State one property common to fluorine and chlorine. (C.B.S.E. All India 2008)</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Ans. (i) Na has physical properties similar to Li and K. All the three elements have one electron each in the valence </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">of their atoms. These are known as alkali metals.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) Electronic configuration of N(z = 7) = 2,5</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Electronic configuration of P (z = 15) = 2,8,5</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) Both the elements have seven electrons in the valence shells as their atoms</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fluorine (z = 19) = 2, 7</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chlorine (z = 17) = 2,8,7</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue;">.How and why does the atomic size vary as you go :</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">
<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(i) from left to right across a period? (ii) down a group? [2009, 2011 (T-II)]</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Ans. (i) Atomic size decreases on moving from left to right across a period. This is due to the </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">increase in nuclear charge which tends to pull the electrons closer to the nucleus and </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">reduces the size of the atom.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">(ii) Atomic size increases on moving down a group. This is due to addition of new shells </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">which increases the distance between the outermost electrons and the nucleus even though </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">nuclear charge increases</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Question. How will the tendency to gain electrons change as we go from left to right across a period?</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Why? [2009, 2011 (T-II)]</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. On moving from left to right across a period, metallic character decreases and non-metallic</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">character increases.Since metals tend to lose electrons and non-metals tend to gain electrons, the tendency to gain </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">electrons increases as we move from left to right across a period.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">How does electronic configuration of atoms change in a period with increase in atomic</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">number? [2009]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Ans. On moving across a period from left to right, the atomic number of the elements increases, </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">therefore, the number of electrons in the valence shell increases from 1 to 8, i.e, the first </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">element in the given period will have one electron in its valence shell and the last element in </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">the same period will have eight electrons.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> Lithium, sodium and potassium form a Dobereiner’s triad. The atomic masses of lithium and </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">potassium are 7 and 39 respectively. Predict the atomic mass of sodium. [2009]</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. Atomic mass of sodium = (At. mass of lithium + At. mass of potassium)/2</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> =(7+39)/2 =23</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">State the first limitation of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. [2009]</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. Hydrogen was not given a fixed position in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> Why was the system of classification of elements into triads not found suitable? [2009]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Ans. (i) Only a few similar elements could be grouped into triads and quite a large number of </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">elements were left out.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) It was also possible to group quite dissimilar elements into triads.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">. Why could no fixed position be given to hydrogen in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table? [2009]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Ans. Hydrogen resembled both the alkali metals and the halogens. So, it was placed above both the </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">groups and could not be given a fixed position in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">What are ‘groups’ and ‘periods’ in the periodic table? [2009]</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. The vertical columns in the periodic table are known as groups while the horizontal rows are</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">known as periods. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">Three elements A,B and C with similar properties have atomic masses X,Y and Z respectively. </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">The mass of Y is approximately equal to the average mass of X and Z. What is such an </span></span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 25px;">arrangement of elements called? Give one example of such a set of elements. [HOTS]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. The arrangement of these elements is known as Dobereiner’s triad. Example, lithium, sodium</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">and potassium.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> Elements have been arranged in the following sequence on the basis of their increasing atomic </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">masses. [HOTS] </span></span><span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue;">F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(a) Pick two sets of elements which have similar properties. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(b) The given sequence represents which law of classification of elements?</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. (a) (i) F and Cl (ii) Na and K.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) Newland’s Law of Octaves.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question.</span><span style="line-height: 25px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">Two elements M and N belong to groups I and II respectively and are in the same period of</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">the periodic table. How do the following properties of M and N vary? [2009, 2011 (T-II)]</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(i) Sizes of their atoms (ii) Their metallic characters</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(iii) Their valencies in forming oxides (iv) Molecular formulae of their chlorides</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. (i) The atomic radii of M is greater than N.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(ii) M is more metallic than N.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iii) M has a valency of 1 and N has a valency of 2.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(iv) MCl, MCl2</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;">Question. </span><span style="line-height: 25px;">An element X belongs to group 17 and third period of the periodic table.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(a) Write electronic configuration of the element. What is its valency?</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">(b) Predict its nature, whether it is a metal or non-metal.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: blue;">(c) Give the formula of the compound formed when it combines with an element Y having </span></span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 25px;">valency three. [2011 (T-II)]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ans. (a) Electronic configuration — 2, 8, 7. Its valency is one.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(b) It is a non-metal (c) YX3</span></span></div>
<br /><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 25px;">Question. </span>How do atom exists ?</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>Answer: Atoms of most of the elements are chemically very reactive and do not exist in the free state (as single atoms ). Atoms usually exist in two ways :<br />(a) In the form of molecules<br />(b)In the form of ions<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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